Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for Soil Moisture Monitoring System
Keywords:
Wireless Sensor Network, Energy Efficiency, LEACH, Duty Cycle, Soil MoistureAbstract
The development of wireless sensor networks (WSN) has become a key pillar in the Internet of Things (IoT) system, especially in the field of precision agriculture for monitoring environmental conditions such as soil moisture. However, the limited energy resources of each sensor node pose a major challenge that hinders the sustainability of network operations. Energy efficiency is necessary for the system to operate in the long term without frequent battery replacement or recharging. This study aims to analyze and determine the most energy-efficient WSN configuration for IoT-based soil moisture monitoring systems. This study uses a quantitative approach based on experimental simulation with three energy-efficient routing protocols (LEACH, TEEN, and SEP) and duty cycle variations (10%, 30%, and 50%). Simulations were conducted to measure total energy consumption, network lifetime, and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The results show that the LEACH protocol with a 30% duty cycle produces the best energy efficiency, saving up to 34% power compared to other protocols. The network lifetime increased to 87.5 hours, and the data delivery success ratio reached 96.4%. dynamic environment. The highest efficiency is achieved through a dynamic clustering mechanism and cluster head rotation that balances the energy load between nodes. This study concludes that the combination of the LEACH protocol and a 30% duty cycle is the most efficient configuration for WSN-based soil moisture monitoring systems. These findings contribute to the development of energy-efficient, reliable, and sustainable precision farming systems. Further research is recommended to explore the application of artificial intelligence-based optimization algorithms to improve network adaptability in dynamic environmental conditions.
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