Efisiensi Energi pada Jaringan Sensor Nirkabel (WSN) untuk Sistem Pemantauan Kelembaban Tanah
Kata Kunci:
Jaringan Sensor Nirkabel, Efisiensi Energi, LEACH, Duty Cycle, Kelembaban TanahAbstrak
Perkembangan jaringan sensor nirkabel (Wireless Sensor Network/WSN) telah menjadi pilar utama dalam sistem Internet of Things (IoT), terutama pada bidang pertanian presisi untuk memantau kondisi lingkungan seperti kelembaban tanah. Namun, keterbatasan sumber daya energi pada setiap node sensor menjadi tantangan utama yang menghambat keberlanjutan operasi jaringan. Efisiensi energi diperlukan agar sistem dapat beroperasi dalam jangka panjang tanpa sering mengganti atau mengisi ulang baterai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menentukan konfigurasi WSN yang paling efisien dalam konsumsi energi untuk sistem pemantauan kelembaban tanah berbasis IoT. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan studi kuantitatif berbasis simulasi eksperimental dengan tiga protokol routing hemat energi (LEACH, TEEN, dan SEP) dan variasi duty cycle (10%, 30%, dan 50%). Simulasi dilakukan untuk mengukur konsumsi energi total, umur jaringan, serta rasio keberhasilan pengiriman data (Packet Delivery Ratio/PDR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa protokol LEACH dengan duty cycle 30% menghasilkan efisiensi energi terbaik, menghemat daya hingga 34% dibandingkan protokol lainnya. Umur jaringan meningkat hingga 87,5 jam, dan rasio keberhasilan pengiriman data mencapai 96,4%. Efisiensi tertinggi diperoleh melalui mekanisme pengelompokan dinamis dan rotasi cluster head yang menyeimbangkan beban energi antar node. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kombinasi protokol LEACH dan duty cycle 30% merupakan konfigurasi paling efisien untuk sistem pemantauan kelembaban tanah berbasis WSN. Temuan ini memberikan kontribusi terhadap pengembangan sistem pertanian presisi yang hemat energi, andal, dan berkelanjutan. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan untuk mengeksplorasi penerapan algoritma optimasi berbasis kecerdasan buatan guna meningkatkan adaptivitas jaringan dalam kondisi lingkungan dinamis.
Unduhan
Referensi
REFERENSI
[1] F. P. E. Putra, S. M. Dewi, Maugfiroh, and A. Hamzah, “Privasi dan Keamanan Penerapan IoT Dalam Kehidupan Sehari-Hari : Tantangan dan Implikasi,” 2023. [Online]. Available: https://jsisfotek.org/index.php/JSisfotek/article/view/232
[2] F. P. E. Putra, F. Fauzan, S. Syirofi, M. Mursidi, D. Wahid, and A. Nuraini, “Sistem Pengendali Lingkungan Pertanian Dengan Wireless Sensor Network Untuk Mengoptimalkan Budidaya Hidroponik,” 2024. doi: 10.47709/digitech.v3i2.3461.
[3] F. P. E. Putra, K. Mufidah, R. M. Ilhamsyah, S. A. Efendy, and S. N. R. Barokah, “Tinjauan Performa RouterOS Mikrotik dalam Jaringan Internet: Analisis Kinerja dan Kelayakan,” 2024. doi: 10.47709/digitech.v3i2.3446.
[4] F. P. Eka Putra, F. Muslim, N. Hasanah, Holipah, R. Paradina, and R. Alim, “Analisis Komparasi Protokol Websocket dan MQTT Dalam Proses Push Notification,” J. Sistim Inf. dan Teknol., pp. 63–72, 2024, doi: 10.60083/jsisfotek.v5i4.325.
[5] F. P. E. Putra, M. A. Mahmud, and ..., “Pengembangan Sistem Pemantauan Lingkungan Berbasis Internet of Things (IoT) di Kampus,” 2023, researchgate.net. [Online]. Available: https://jurnal.itscience.org/index.php/digitech/article/view/3457
[6] N. Haidar Hari, F. P. Eka Putra, U. Hasanah, S. R. Sutarsih, and Riyan, “Transformasi Jaringan Telekomunikasi dengan Teknologi 5G: Tantangan, Potensi, dan Implikasi,” J. Inf. dan Teknol., pp. 146–150, 2023, doi: 10.37034/jidt.v5i2.357.
[7] F. P. Eka Putra, M. N. Arifin, K. Zulfana Imam, E. Saputra, and Sofiyullah, “Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Laboratorium Terintegerasi Sistem Akademik Menggunakan Agile Scrum,” J. Inf. dan Teknol., pp. 109–119, 2023, doi: 10.37034/jidt.v5i2.367.
[8] N. Muhammad Akbar, F. Prasetyo Eka Putra, K. Zulfana Imam, and M. Umar Mansyur, “Analisis Kinerja dan Interopabilitas STB Sebagai Server Penilaian Akhir Tahun,” J. Inf. dan Teknol., pp. 91–96, 2023, doi: 10.37034/jidt.v5i2.365.
[9] A. Baidawi, “JARINGAN SENSOR NIRKABEL DAN IoT UNTUK KOTA PINTAR PAMEKASAN,” J. Sist. Inf. Kaputama, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 104–110, 2023, doi: 10.59697/jsik.v7i2.108.
[10] S. Arifin, N. P. Dewi, . U., M. N. Arifin, and F. P. E. Putra, “Aplikasi Pengolahan Data Mahasiswa Kkn Pada Universitas Madura,” Insa. Comtech Inf. Sci. Comput. Technol. J., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 24, 2023, doi: 10.53712/jic.v8i2.2085.
[11] G. Suseela., Y. A. V Yesudhas, G. Niranjana, K. Ramana, S. Singh, and B. Yoon, “Low energy interleaved chaotic secure image coding scheme for visual sensor networks using pascal’s triangle transform,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 134576–134592, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3116111.
[12] C. H. Rashid et al., “Software Cost and Effort Estimation: Current Approaches and Future Trends,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 99268–99288, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3312716.
[13] V. Shakhov and D. Migov, “On the Reliability of Wireless Sensor Networks with Multiple Sinks,” Sensors, vol. 24, no. 17, 2024, doi: 10.3390/s24175468.
[14] T. Cao, Z. Zhang, X. Wang, H. Xiao, and C. Xu, “PTCC: A Privacy-Preserving and Trajectory Clustering-Based Approach for Cooperative Caching Optimization in Vehicular Networks,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Comput., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 615–630, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TSUSC.2024.3350386.
[15] G. Lepipas and A. S. Andrew S. Holmes, “Miniature water flow energy harvester based on savonius-type microturbine: an experimental study,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 33, no. 2, 2024, doi: 10.1088/1361-665X/ad1c3f.
[16] D. van Leemput, A. Sabovic, K. Hammoud, J. Famaey, S. Pollin, and E. de Poorter, “Energy Harvesting for Wireless IoT Use Cases: A Generic Feasibility Model and Tradeoff Study,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 17, pp. 15025–15043, 2023, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3263543.
[17] M. Adil, M. Usman, M. A. Jan, H. Abulkasim, A. Farouk, and Z. Jin, “An Improved Congestion-Controlled Routing Protocol for IoT Applications in Extreme Environments,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 3757–3767, 2024, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3310927.
[18] X. Ning, H. Tian, Y. Lin, X. Yao, F. Hu, and Y. Yin, “Research on Multi-Objective Optimization Models for Intersection Crossing of Connected Autonomous Vehicles with Traffic Signals,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 36825–36840, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3374041.
[19] J. Azimjonov and T. Kim, “Stochastic gradient descent classifier-based lightweight intrusion detection systems using the efficient feature subsets of datasets,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 237, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121493.
[20] C. Zhang, X. Zhu, C. Zhang, L. Huang, and D. Ning, “Coupled hydro-aero-turbo dynamics of liquid-tank system for wave energy harvesting: Numerical modelings and scaled prototype tests,” Energy, vol. 330, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.136690.
[21] M. Senthilkumar, A. Dadlani, O. Ardakanian, I. Nikolaidis, and J. J. Harms, “Age Analysis of Correlated Information in Multi-Source Updating Systems with MAP Arrivals,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1539–1543, 2024, doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2024.3397166.
[22] X. Yue and S. Du, “An Adaptive Two-Mode Bias-Flip Rectifier With Lowered Cold-Startup Voltage Requirement for Multiple Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 8283–8291, 2025, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2025.3532856.
[23] A. S. Rajasekaran, A. Azees, R. Maheswar, and J. Lorincz, “Blockchain Enabled Anonymous Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for Internet of Health Things,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23010240.
[24] X. Tang, P. Reviriego, W. Tang, D. G. M. Mitchell, F. Lombardi, and S. Liu, “Joint Learning and Channel Coding for Error-Tolerant IoT Systems Based on Machine Learning,” IEEE Trans. Artif. Intell., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 217–228, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TAI.2023.3235778.
[25] R. Derbas et al., “Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Routing for Power-Constrained IoT Networks,” IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 5, pp. 5176–5191, 2024, doi: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3400273.
[26] K. Sayed, M. M. Elsayed, and A. Mohamed, “Feasibility and Economic Assessment of a PV-Wind Hybrid Charging Station in the Bronx, NY,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 61841–61861, 2025, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3555158.
[27] Y. Huang et al., “Self-weight utilization harvester oriented to low-frequency gait for human health monitoring and assistive training,” Mech. Syst. Signal Process., vol. 220, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2024.111643.
[28] S. Rahman et al., “An Optimal Delay Tolerant and Improved Data Collection Schema Using AUVs for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 30146–30163, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3366651.
[29] G. Giustolisi, R. Mita, G. Palumbo, and G. Scotti, “A Novel Clock Gating Approach for the Design of Low-Power Linear Feedback Shift Registers,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 99702–99708, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3207151.
[30] I. Ahmad et al., “Machine-Learning-Based Optimal Cooperating Node Selection for Internet of Underwater Things,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 22471–22482, 2024, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2024.3381834.
[31] M. Yao et al., “Attention Spiking Neural Networks,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 9393–9410, 2023, doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2023.3241201.
[32] Z. Lai, Z. Yan, G. Geng, and H. Nakazato, “Issuance Policies of Route Origin Authorization with a Single Prefix and Multiple Prefixes: A Comparative Analysis,” Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1168–1176, 2024, doi: 10.14569/IJACSA.2024.01503116.
[33] Z. Zhang and D. Psychogiou, “Multi-Functional Single/Multi-Band Bandpass Filters With Co-Integrated RF Isolator, Variable Phase Shifter or Variable Attenuator Functionalities,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 4032–4045, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2024.3419583.
[34] S. Craven et al., “Smart Bluetooth Stakes: Deployment of Soil Moisture Sensors with Rotating High-Gain Antenna Receiver on Center Pivot Irrigation Boom in a Commercial Wheat Field,” Sensors, vol. 25, no. 17, 2025, doi: 10.3390/s25175537.
[35] S. Rashid, A. Ataalla, Y. A. Al Mashhadany, S. Algburi, and N. Arsad, “Next-Generation Water Management and Crop Modeling of Sustainable Energy in PLC Based on Agrivoltaics Systems With IoT,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 118293–118309, 2025, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3586204.
[36] B. V Minh et al., “Precise Analysis of Secrecy Outage Probability and Eavesdropping Strategies in Secure, Energy-Efficient Wireless Networks for Copyright Protection of Digital Contents,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 148495–148509, 2025, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3601007.
[37] J. Song, D. Gündüz, and W. Choi, “Optimal Scheduling Policy for Minimizing Age of Information With a Relay,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 5623–5637, 2024, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3308113.
[38] B. Sharma, R. Gupta, A. Sharma, A. Chowdhuri, and M. Tomar, “Power in motion: KNN-PDMS self-biased flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators,” Mater. Today Commun., vol. 44, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.112140.
[39] K. Wu, X. Zhu, S. W. Anderson, and X. Zhang, “Electrically-Shielded Coil-Enabled Battery-Free Wireless Sensing for Underwater Environmental Monitoring,” Adv. Sci., vol. 12, no. 14, 2025, doi: 10.1002/advs.202414299.
[40] J. Šabić, I. Marasović, M. Ragnoli, and P. Solic, “Design and Evaluation of a Universal IoT Datalogger,” IEEE J. Radio Freq. Identif., vol. 9, pp. 54–64, 2025, doi: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3524125.
[41] H. Cho, I. Kim, and D. Kim, “Implantable multilayer interdigitated triboelectric nanogenerator with nano-micro fibrous membrane and embedded switch-controlled capacitor for neck motion energy harvesting,” Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 279, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2025.117389.
[42] D. Boulerial, B. Kechar, and A. Benzerbadj, “Enhancing Network Lifetime of Duty Cycle-Based WSN With Mobile Sink Using Ambient Energy Harvesting,” Int. J. Distrib. Syst. Technol., vol. 14, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.4018/IJDST.317413.
[43] H. Zhao, K. Fan, S. Zhao, S. Wu, X. Zhang, and Z. Hou, “Lightweight energy harvesting backpack achieved with a slingshot-inspired flexible accelerator,” Appl. Energy, vol. 379, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124993.
[44] X. Tang, X. Liu, G. Xie, Y. Cui, and D. Li, “Prototype Implementation and Experimental Evaluation for LoRa-Backscatter Communication Systems With RF Energy Harvesting and Low Power Management,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 73, no. 7, pp. 4811–4825, 2025, doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2024.3522052.
[45] I. Chakraborty, L. Sun, and C.-S. Lai, “Recycling waste rubber bands and human hair into complementary surface structure-based tribo-layers for ultrahigh power generation and self-powered health monitoring,” Sustain. Mater. Technol., vol. 43, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01295.
[46] H. Sadia et al., “Intrusion Detection System for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Machine Learning Based Approach,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 52565–52582, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3380014.
[47] M. Fahad et al., “Deep insights into gastrointestinal health: A comprehensive analysis of GastroVision dataset using convolutional neural networks and explainable AI,” Biomed. Signal Process. Control, vol. 102, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2024.107260.
[48] A. Chakraborty and A. Maity, “A Battery-Less Energy Harvesting Front-End for Powering Multiple IoT Nodes Using Single Solar Cell: A System-Level Perspective,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 14072–14083, 2025, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2025.3567569.
[49] C. Hawkins, B. Chen, K. Yazdani, and M. Hale, “Node and Edge Differential Privacy for Graph Laplacian Spectra: Mechanisms and Scaling Laws,” IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1690–1701, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TNSE.2023.3329379.
[50] X. Zhou et al., “Self-powered water condition monitoring system based on rotational electromagnetic generator,” Energy, vol. 326, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.136124.
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Imam Ghozeli, Mohammad Rizki Hoirur Rofi (Penulis)
Artikel ini berlisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
