Literature Review: Security, Energy, and Scalability Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks
Keywords:
Wireless Sensor Network, Network Security, Energy Efficiency, Scalability, Software Defined Networking (SDN)Abstract
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are an important foundation in the development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology that supports various applications such as smart cities, smart agriculture, and industrial monitoring systems. However, the limited resources of sensor nodes pose serious challenges in terms of security, energy efficiency, and network scalability. Current knowledge indicates that improving WSN performance requires an integrative approach that can balance these three aspects simultaneously. This study aims to identify key issues, research trends, and current solution approaches in addressing security, energy, and scalability issues in WSN. The method used is a systematic literature review (SLR) of 62 scientific publications from reputable databases such as Scopus, IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, and Web of Science. The analysis was conducted through a thematic classification process based on the research focus and experimental results of each study. The results of the study show that 42% of the research focused on security, 34% on energy efficiency, and 24% on scalability. Machine learning and lightweight security approaches are the dominant trends, while the integration of Software Defined Networking (SDN) and edge computing has proven effective in improving network scalability. It was also found that improvements in one aspect often have an impact on the other two aspects, emphasizing the importance of adaptive system design. This study confirms the need to develop an integrated adaptive model that balances security, energy, and scalability to support the sustainability of WSNs in the future. Further research should focus on the application of energy-efficient artificial intelligence and SDN-edge-based hybrid architectures.
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