Kajian Literatur: Isu Keamanan, Energi, dan Skalabilitas pada Wireless Sensor Network
Kata Kunci:
Wireless Sensor Network, Keamanan Jaringan, Efisiensi Energi, Skalabilitas, Software Defined Networking (SDN)Abstrak
Jaringan Sensor Nirkabel (Wireless Sensor Network/WSN) menjadi fondasi penting dalam perkembangan teknologi Internet of Things (IoT) yang mendukung berbagai aplikasi seperti smart city, pertanian cerdas, dan sistem pemantauan industri. Namun, keterbatasan sumber daya node sensor menimbulkan tantangan serius dalam aspek keamanan, efisiensi energi, dan skalabilitas jaringan. Pengetahuan terkini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan performa WSN memerlukan pendekatan integratif yang mampu menyeimbangkan ketiga aspek tersebut secara bersamaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi isu-isu utama, tren penelitian, dan pendekatan solusi terkini dalam mengatasi permasalahan keamanan, energi, dan skalabilitas pada WSN. Metode yang digunakan adalah tinjauan pustaka sistematis (systematic literature review/SLR) terhadap 62 publikasi ilmiah dari database bereputasi seperti Scopus, IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, dan Web of Science. Analisis dilakukan melalui proses klasifikasi tematik berdasarkan fokus penelitian dan hasil eksperimen pada setiap studi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa 42% penelitian berfokus pada keamanan, 34% pada efisiensi energi, dan 24% pada skalabilitas. Pendekatan machine learning dan lightweight security menjadi tren dominan, sementara integrasi Software Defined Networking (SDN) dan edge computing terbukti efektif meningkatkan skalabilitas jaringan. Ditemukan pula bahwa peningkatan pada satu aspek sering berdampak pada dua aspek lainnya, menegaskan pentingnya desain sistem yang adaptif. Kajian ini menegaskan perlunya pengembangan model adaptif terpadu yang mengintegrasikan keamanan, energi, dan skalabilitas secara seimbang untuk mendukung keberlanjutan WSN di masa depan. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan untuk fokus pada penerapan kecerdasan buatan hemat energi dan arsitektur hibrida berbasis SDN-edge.
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