Survey and Analysis of Communication Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficiency
Keywords:
Wireless Sensor Network, Energy Efficiency, Communication Protocol, Clustering, RoutingAbstract
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are network systems composed of numerous low-cost sensor nodes distributed over a specific area, where these nodes have very limited capabilities, especially in terms of energy resources (battery), processing capacity, and communication range. This energy limitation is a major constraint, because it directly determines the performance and operational lifespan of the entire network, making energy efficiency the most crucial design factor. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive survey and in-depth analysis of various communication protocols in WSNs focusing on optimizing energy usage. The method used is a systematic literature review of several major and most influential routing protocols, by evaluating and comparing the characteristics, mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of fundamental protocols such as LEACH (adaptive clustering), PEGASIS (chain-based), HEED (distributed clustering), and TEEN (reactive). The survey results show that protocols with hierarchical architectures (clustering and chain-based) can significantly improve energy efficiency compared to flat routing approaches, especially through data aggregation and reduction of long-distance transmission. However, challenges such as handling node heterogeneity and increasing network adaptability to topology changes still need to be addressed. It is hoped that this research will become a fundamental reference for the development of WSN communication protocols in the future that are more energy efficient, intelligent, scalable, adaptive, and sustainable.
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