A Comprehensive Analysis of Future Smart Agriculture Ecosystems: Integration of Low-Cost IoT Architecture, Energy-Efficient Sensor Networks (WSNs), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Supply Chain Traceability Systems
Keywords:
Smart Agriculture, Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Network, Artificial Intelligence, supply chain traceabilityAbstract
Global population growth and unpredictable climate conditions have massively threatened food security, thus demanding a transition in agricultural management from conventional methods to Smart Agriculture based on the Internet of Things (IoT). Although IoT offers revolutionary potential, its widespread adoption is often hampered by the high cost of implementing commercial devices, inefficient power consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), data transmission security vulnerabilities, and the lack of integration of data from the field to the consumer. This study presents a comprehensive analytical overview of the future agricultural IoT ecosystem to address these challenges. At the hardware architecture level, the analysis shows that the implementation of an open-source, cross-domain Monitoring and Control Framework (MCF) has been proven to reduce system implementation costs by up to 20 times compared to existing commercial solutions on the market. Furthermore, at the network layer, WSN performance and efficiency are optimized through an intelligent cluster head selection function that considers residual energy, distance, and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). This efficiency approach, when combined with linear congruential generator-based data encryption, has been proven to reduce routing overhead by up to 26% while securing data from cyber threats. At the analytical processing level, there is a shift from centralized cloud processing to real-time edge AI and deep learning directly at the edge of the network device. This integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) facilitates full automation such as crop yield prediction, plant disease detection, and the autonomous operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Finally, in the downstream sector, the use of smart objects with RFID technology and Electronic Product Code (EPC) facilitates the Traceability system in Agricultural Supply Chain Management (APSCM). This comprehensive integration of low-cost innovation, energy-efficient networks, precise AI analytics, and product traceability will be the main foundation in creating a transparent and sustainable future food security ecosystem.
Downloads
References
[1] M. Ayaz, M. Ammad-Uddin, Z. Sharif, A. Mansour, and E.-H. M. Aggoune, “Internet-of-Things (IoT)-Based Smart Agriculture: Toward Making the Fields Talk,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 129551–129583, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2932609.
[2] S. Heble, A. Kumar, K. V. V. D. Prasad, S. Samirana, P. Rajalakshmi, and U. B. Desai, “A low power IoT network for smart agriculture,” in 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Feb. 2018, pp. 609–614. doi: 10.1109/WF-IoT.2018.8355152.
[3] M. S. Mekala and P. Viswanathan, “A novel technology for smart agriculture based on IoT with cloud computing,” in 2017 International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), Feb. 2017, pp. 75–82. doi: 10.1109/I-SMAC.2017.8058280.
[4] S. Zhang and H. Zhang, “A review of wireless sensor networks and its applications,” in 2012 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics, Aug. 2012, pp. 386–389. doi: 10.1109/ICAL.2012.6308240.
[5] K. Haseeb, I. Ud Din, A. Almogren, and N. Islam, “An Energy Efficient and Secure IoT-Based WSN Framework: An Application to Smart Agriculture,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 7, p. 2081, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20072081.
[6] A. S. Ibrahim et al., “AI-IoT based smart agriculture pivot for plant diseases detection and treatment,” Sci. Rep., vol. 15, no. 1, p. 16576, May 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-98454-6.
[7] B. B. Sinha and R. Dhanalakshmi, “Recent advancements and challenges of Internet of Things in smart agriculture: A survey,” Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 126, pp. 169–184, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2021.08.006.
[8] F. P. E. Putra, R. M. Ilhamsyah, S. A. Efendy, and A. Rizki, “Implementation And Evaluation Of Zerotier-Based Virtual Network For Device Connectivity,” Brill. Res. Artif. Intell., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 281–290, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.47709/brilliance.v5i1.5966.
[9] F. P. E. Putra, suhdi, A. Ramadhani, and Marzuq, “Integrasi Teknologi Kuantum dan fiber Optik untuk Meningkatkan Keamanan dan Efisiensi Jaringan Masa Depan,” J. Ilm. Ilk. - Ilmu Komput. Inform., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 151–163, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.47324/ilkominfo.v8i2.342.
[10] K. Patidar et al., “Blockchain Based Decentralized Identity Management System for Authentication and Authorization in IoT Networks,” Informatica, vol. 49, no. 34, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.31449/inf.v49i34.9164.
[11] N. N. Thilakarathne, M. S. A. Bakar, P. E. Abas, and H. Yassin, “Internet of things enabled smart agriculture: Current status, latest advancements, challenges and countermeasures,” Heliyon, vol. 11, no. 3, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42136.
[12] N. Bernard, Y. Sagawa Jr, N. Bier, T. Lihoreau, L. Pazart, and T. Tannou, “Using artificial intelligence for systematic review: the example of elicit,” BMC Med. Res. Methodol., vol. 25, no. 1, p. 75, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1186/s12874-025-02528-y.
[13] F. P. E. Putra, K. Mufidah, R. M. Ilhamsyah, S. A. Efendy, and S. N. R. Barokah, “Tinjauan Performa RouterOS Mikrotik dalam Jaringan Internet: Analisis Kinerja dan Kelayakan,” Digit. Transform. Technol., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 903–910, 2023, doi: 10.47709/digitech.v3i2.3446.
[14] A. Jain, “Smart Agriculture Monitoring System using IoT,” Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 366–372, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.22214/ijraset.2020.7060.
[15] F. Eka Putra, M. Mustafida, R. Alfadili, and A. Nahriyah, “Perancangan Jaringan Nirkabel Berbasis Mesh untuk Menunjang Aplikasi Smart City,” J. Inform. Dan Tekonologi Komput. JITEK, vol. 5, pp. 84–92, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.55606/jitek.v5i1.5934.
[16] F. P. E. Putra, D. T. Agustina, T. S. K. Khotimah, and T. Ramadhanty, “Analisis Kinerja Jaringan 5G dalam Meningkatkan Konektivitas Internet of Things (IoT),” J. Inform. Dan Tekonologi Komput. JITEK, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 56–62, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.55606/jitek.v5i1.5836.
[17] S. Qazi, B. A. Khawaja, and Q. U. Farooq, “IoT-Equipped and AI-Enabled Next Generation Smart Agriculture: A Critical Review, Current Challenges and Future Trends,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 21219–21235, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3152544.
[18] F. P. E. Putra, M. A. Mahmud, and I. S. Maqom, “Pengembangan Sistem Pemantauan Lingkungan Berbasis Internet of Things (IoT) di Kampus,” Digit. Transform. Technol., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 996–1001, 2023, doi: 10.47709/digitech.v3i2.3457.
[19] F. P. E. Putra, S. M. Dewi, Maugfiroh, and A. Hamzah, “Privasi dan Keamanan Penerapan IoT Dalam Kehidupan Sehari-Hari : Tantangan dan Implikasi,” J. Sistim Inf. Dan Teknol., pp. 26–32, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.37034/jsisfotek.v5i2.232.
[20] W. Tao, L. Zhao, G. Wang, and R. Liang, “Review of the internet of things communication technologies in smart agriculture and challenges,” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 189, p. 106352, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2021.106352.
[21] E. E. K. Senoo, E. Akansah, I. Mendonça, and M. Aritsugi, “Monitoring and Control Framework for IoT, Implemented for Smart Agriculture,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 5, p. 2714, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23052714.
[22] K. A. Patil and N. R. Kale, “A model for smart agriculture using IoT,” in 2016 International Conference on Global Trends in Signal Processing, Information Computing and Communication (ICGTSPICC), Dec. 2016, pp. 543–545. doi: 10.1109/ICGTSPICC.2016.7955360.
[23] L. Safari, G. Barile, G. Ferri, and V. Stornelli, “A New Low-Voltage Low-Power Dual-Mode VCII-Based SIMO Universal Filter,” Electronics, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 765, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.3390/electronics8070765.
[24] D. R. J. Patil, I. Mulage, and N. Patil, “Smart Agriculture Using IoT and Machine Learning,” J. Sci. Res. Technol., pp. 47–59, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.8025371.
[25] K. Agrawal, “Smart Agriculture Using IOT: A Futuristic Approach,” Int. J. Inf. Dissem. Technol., vol. 9, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.5958/2249-5576.2019.00036.0.
[26] R. Brignardello-Petersen, N. Santesso, and G. H. Guyatt, “Systematic reviews of the literature: an introduction to current methods,” Am. J. Epidemiol., vol. 194, no. 2, pp. 536–542, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae232.
[27] D. Srinivasan, A. Kiran, S. Parameswari, and J. Vellaichamy, “Energy efficient hierarchical clustering based dynamic data fusion algorithm for wireless sensor networks in smart agriculture,” Sci. Rep., vol. 15, no. 1, p. 7207, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-85076-7.
[28] E. Badry, A. Shalaby, and M. S. Sayed, “Intra Mode Decision Acceleration for HEVC Screen Content Coding,” in 2019 7th International Japan-Africa Conference on Electronics, Communications, and Computations, (JAC-ECC), Dec. 2019, pp. 92–95. doi: 10.1109/JAC-ECC48896.2019.9051167.
[29] Z. Diao et al., “Localization technologies for smart agriculture and precision farming: A review,” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 236, p. 110464, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2025.110464.
[30] S. Verma, R. Gala, S. Madhavan, S. Burkule, S. Chauhan, and C. Prakash, “An Internet of Things (IoT) Architecture for Smart Agriculture,” in 2018 Fourth International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA), Aug. 2018, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/ICCUBEA.2018.8697707.
[31] F. P. E. Putra, U. Ubaidi, R. N. Saputra, F. M. Haris, and S. N. R. Barokah, “Application of Internet of Things Technology in Monitoring Water Quality in Fishponds,” Brill. Res. Artif. Intell., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 356–361, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.47709/brilliance.v4i1.4231.
[32] F. P. E. Putra, Iksan, and N. Saadah, “Interaktif dan Personalisasi Peningkatan Pembelajaran IoT di Sekolah,” J. Sistim Inf. Dan Teknol., pp. 175–181, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.37034/jsisfotek.v5i2.236.
[33] G. Sushanth and S. Sujatha, “IOT Based Smart Agriculture System,” in 2018 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Mar. 2018, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/WiSPNET.2018.8538702.
[34] S. R. Prathibha, A. Hongal, and M. P. Jyothi, “IOT Based Monitoring System in Smart Agriculture,” in 2017 International Conference on Recent Advances in Electronics and Communication Technology (ICRAECT), Mar. 2017, pp. 81–84. doi: 10.1109/ICRAECT.2017.52.
[35] J. Hlaváč and J. Štefanovič, “Machine Learning and Business Intelligence or from Descriptive Analytics to Predictive Analytics,” in 2020 Cybernetics & Informatics (K&I), Jan. 2020, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/KI48306.2020.9039874.
[36] E. Wagner, M. Serror, K. Wehrle, and M. Henze, “BP-MAC: Fast Authentication for Short Messages,” in Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks, May 2022, pp. 201–206. doi: 10.1145/3507657.3528554.
[37] T. Gaber, A. El-Ghamry, and A. E. Hassanien, “Injection attack detection using machine learning for smart IoT applications,” Phys. Commun., vol. 52, p. 101685, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.phycom.2022.101685.
[38] M. F. S. Yagoub, O. O. Khalifa, A. Abdelmaboud, V. Korotaev, S. A. Kozlov, and J. J. P. C. Rodrigues, “Lightweight and Efficient Dynamic Cluster Head Election Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 15, p. 5206, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21155206.
[39] V. K. Quy et al., “IoT-Enabled Smart Agriculture: Architecture, Applications, and Challenges,” Appl. Sci., vol. 12, no. 7, p. 3396, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/app12073396.
[40] F. P. Eka Putra, A. Baidawi, A. A. Mubarok, and Frediyanto, “Merancang Jaringan Sensor Nirkabel dan IoT untuk Kota Pintar Pamekasan,” J. Inf. Dan Teknol., pp. 138–145, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.37034/jidt.v5i2.331.
[41] Z. A. Abduljabbar et al., “Elliptic Curve Cryptography-Based Scheme for Secure Signaling and Data Exchanges in Precision Agriculture,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 13, p. 10264, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/su151310264.
[42] R. E. Navas, M. Lagos, L. Toutain, and K. Vijayasankar, “Nonce-based authenticated key establishment over OAuth 2.0 IoT proof-of-possession architecture,” in 2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Dec. 2016, pp. 317–322. doi: 10.1109/WF-IoT.2016.7845424.
[43] S. Khan, P. A. Ferreira Lopes martins, B. Sousa, and V. Pereira, “A Comprehensive Review on Lightweight Cryptographic Mechanisms for Industrial Internet of Things Systems,” ACM Comput Surv, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 23:1-23:37, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.1145/3757734.
[44] U. Tariq, I. Ahmed, A. K. Bashir, and K. Shaukat, “A Critical Cybersecurity Analysis and Future Research Directions for the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Review,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 8, p. 4117, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23084117.
[45] Y. Bai, Z. Liao, J. Shang, W. Gan, X. Kong, and X. Wei, “A review on real-time plant monitoring sensors for smart agriculture,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 523, p. 168868, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.168868.
[46] J. Li, A. Sun, J. Han, and C. Li, “A Survey on Deep Learning for Named Entity Recognition,” IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 50–70, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1109/TKDE.2020.2981314.
[47] E. Pateromichelakis, D. Dimopoulos, and A. Salkintzis, “NetApps Enabling Application-Layer Analytics for Vertical IoT Industry,” IEEE Internet Things Mag., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 130–135, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1109/IOTM.001.2200212.
[48] J. Zhang et al., “When LLMs meet cybersecurity: a systematic literature review,” Cybersecurity, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 55, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1186/s42400-025-00361-w.
[49] P. De Corte, M. Klinghardt, S. von Stockum, and K. Heinemann, “Time to Diagnose Endometriosis: Current Status, Challenges and Regional Characteristics—A Systematic Literature Review,” BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 118–130, 2025, doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.17973.
[50] G. Biagini, “Towards an AI-Literate Future: A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Education, Ethics, and Applications,” Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 2616–2666, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s40593-025-00466-w.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuris Ikrar RABBANI, Wildan Ramadhani (Penulis)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
