IoT-Based Multi-Zone Irrigation Automation System for Chili Cultivation in Smart Greenhouses
Keywords:
Keywords: Internet of Things, Automatic Irrigation, Multi-Zone System, Smart Greenhouse, Chili CultivationAbstract
Small-scale chili cultivation in greenhouses still faces irrigation management problems due to manual watering that does not take into account variations in soil moisture in each planting area. This condition has the potential to cause inefficient water use and instability in the plant growing environment. The application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology offers a solution through an automated irrigation system that is capable of working precisely and adaptively. This study aims to design and conceptually evaluate an IoT-based multi-zone irrigation automation system for chili cultivation in a smart greenhouse environment. The research method used is system design with conceptual evaluation. The system was designed using soil moisture sensors, ESP32 microcontrollers, water pumps, and solenoid valves, with a threshold-based control mechanism. The evaluation was conducted through eight soil moisture condition scenarios in three planting zones. The evaluation results showed that the system was able to selectively activate irrigation in zones with moisture below the threshold and stop it in zones that were in optimal conditions. The distribution of irrigation activation showed differences in frequency between zones, reflecting the system's ability to accommodate variations in water requirements independently. An IoT-based multi-zone irrigation automation system designed to support the principles of precision irrigation and water efficiency in small-scale smart greenhouses. Further research could focus on the physical implementation of the system and the integration of remote monitoring to improve the system's functionality.
Downloads
References
REFERENSI
[1] F. P. E. Putra, A. M. U. Solichin, and ..., “Pemanfaatan Teknologi Wireless dan Mobile Network Berbasis 5G Untuk Pemerataan Akses Jaringan di Indonesia,” Infotek J. …, 2025, doi: 10.29408/jit.v8i2.30559.
[2] N. Muhammad Akbar, F. Prasetyo Eka Putra, K. Zulfana Imam, and M. Umar Mansyur, “Analisis Kinerja dan Interopabilitas STB Sebagai Server Penilaian Akhir Tahun,” J. Inf. dan Teknol., pp. 91–96, 2023, doi: 10.37034/jidt.v5i2.365.
[3] F. P. E. Putra, D. E. Arissandi, A. Rofiqi, and M. F. Hidayat, “Pemanfaatan Mikrotik Dalam Manajemen Bandwidth Pada Jaringan Sekolah,” 2025, researchgate.net. doi: 10.55606/jitek.v5i1.5938.
[4] F. P. E. Putra, M. Ghummah, M. Amrullah, and R. Hidayatullah, “Studi Kinerja Mesh Network untuk Penerapan Internet of Things (IoT) di Lingkungan Perkotaan,” 2025, researchgate.net. doi: 10.55606/jitek.v5i1.5895.
[5] F. P. E. Putra, F. Fauzan, S. Syirofi, M. Mursidi, D. Wahid, and A. Nuraini, “Sistem Pengendali Lingkungan Pertanian Dengan Wireless Sensor Network Untuk Mengoptimalkan Budidaya Hidroponik,” 2024. doi: 10.47709/digitech.v3i2.3461.
[6] N. Haidar Hari, F. P. Eka Putra, U. Hasanah, S. R. Sutarsih, and Riyan, “Transformasi Jaringan Telekomunikasi dengan Teknologi 5G: Tantangan, Potensi, dan Implikasi,” J. Inf. dan Teknol., pp. 146–150, 2023, doi: 10.37034/jidt.v5i2.357.
[7] F. P. E. Putra and A. Ramadhani, “Integrasi Teknologi Kuantum dan fiber Optik untuk Meningkatkan Keamanan dan Efisiensi Jaringan Masa Depan,” J. Ilm. Ilk. …, 2025, doi: 10.47324/ilkominfo.v8i2.342.
[8] F. P. Eka Putra, Amir Hamzah, W. Agel, and R. O. Firmansyah Kusuma, “Impelementasi Sistem Keamanan Jaringan Mikrotik Menggunakan Firewall Filtering dan Port Knocking,” J. Sistim Inf. dan Teknol., pp. 82–87, 2024, doi: 10.60083/jsisfotek.v5i4.329.
[9] F. P. E. Putra, S. M. Dewi, Maugfiroh, and A. Hamzah, “Privasi dan Keamanan Penerapan IoT Dalam Kehidupan Sehari-Hari : Tantangan dan Implikasi,” 2023. doi: 10.37034/jsisfotek.v5i2.232.
[10] F. Prasetyo Eka Putra, Moh Riski, Riyan, Yayu Rahma Febriani, and Muhammad Umar Mansyur, “Optimization Of Web Based Academic Information System Design To Increase Efficiency In Junior High Schools,” J. Inf. dan Teknol., pp. 150–158, 2024, doi: 10.60083/jidt.v6i2.545.
[11] B. Wai-Keung Yiu, T. Zhang, and C.-W. Lee, “Short-Term Load Forecasting Using Regularized Greedy Forest-Based Ensemble Model,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 112426–112439, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3441642.
[12] X. Xia et al., “A self-powered and self-sensing wave energy harvester based on a three-rotor motor of axle disk type for sustainable sea,” Energy, vol. 312, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133512.
[13] M. Boudouane, L. Elmahni, R. Zriouile, and S. A. Ait El Ouahab, “Advancing solar energy harvesting: Artificial intelligence approaches to maximum power point tracking,” Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 55–69, 2025, doi: 10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp55-69.
[14] S. Li, P. Gong, W. Wang, J. Liu, Z. Feng, and X. Gao, “A Capacity-Constrained Weighted Clustering Algorithm for UAV Self-Organizing Networks Under Interference,” Drones, vol. 9, no. 8, 2025, doi: 10.3390/drones9080527.
[15] L. Wang, G. Chen, T. Li, and R. Yang, “Fully Distributed, Event-Triggered Containment Control of Multi-Agent Systems Based on Wireless Sensor Networks and Time Base Generators,” Appl. Sci., vol. 13, no. 19, 2023, doi: 10.3390/app131911039.
[16] M. A. Kacimi, C. Aoughlis, T. Bakir, and O. Guenounou, “Efficient and adaptive design of RBF neural network for maximum energy harvesting from standalone PV system,” Sustain. Comput. Informatics Syst., vol. 46, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.suscom.2025.101083.
[17] S. Sangeetha, T. A. A. Victoire, M. Manoharan, and R. Sowmya, “ExAq-MSPP: An Energy-Efficient Mobile Sink Path Planning Using Extended Aquila Optimization Algorithm,” Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst., vol. 17, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s44196-024-00670-x.
[18] V.-V. van Vo, D.-T. Le, S. M. Raza, M. Kim, and H. Choo, “Active Neighbor Exploitation for Fast Data Aggregation in IoT Sensor Networks,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 13199–13216, 2024, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2024.3354730.
[19] F. Kooshki, A. G. Garcia-Armada, M. M. Mowla, A. Flizikowski, and S. Pietrzyk, “Energy-Efficient Sleep Mode Schemes for Cell-Less RAN in 5G and Beyond 5G Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 1432–1444, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3233430.
[20] H. H. Goh et al., “Sustainable development through the balancing of photovoltaic charging facilities and agriculture for energy harvesting,” Appl. Energy, vol. 377, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124463.
[21] T. Decorte et al., “Missing Value Imputation of Wireless Sensor Data for Environmental Monitoring,” Sensors, vol. 24, no. 8, 2024, doi: 10.3390/s24082416.
[22] Y. Lu, X. Fan, and Q. Jing, “TAEffect: Quantifying interaction risks in trust-enabled communication systems,” Int. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 36, no. 4, 2023, doi: 10.1002/dac.5396.
[23] A. D. Alfieri, T. Ruth, C. Lim, J. Lynch, and D. Jariwala, “Effects of Self-Hybridized Exciton-Polaritons on TMDC Photovoltaics,” Nano Lett., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 3020–3026, 2025, doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c00399.
[24] J. Jing, D.-S. Lee, J. Joe, E.-J. Kim, Y.-H. Cho, and J.-H. Jo, “A Sensing-Based Visualization Method for Representing Pressure Distribution in a Multi-Zone Building by Floor,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 8, 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23084116.
[25] A. Mohamed Hadjkouider et al., “A Review of Service Selection Strategies in Mobile IoT Networks,” IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 5, pp. 3229–3244, 2024, doi: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3400981.
[26] A. K. Abdulsahib, M. A. Balafar, and A. Baradarani, “DGBPSO-DBSCAN: An Optimized Clustering Technique Based on Supervised/Unsupervised Text Representation,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 110798–110812, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3440518.
[27] Y. Xiao, Y. Zhang, W. Zhou, W. Liu, and F. Wan, “Research on algorithm fusion for the control of a roots-type waste heat power generation system,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 111062–111071, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3103067.
[28] A. Chakraborty and A. Maity, “A Time-to-Voltage Converter-Based MPPT With 440 μs Online Tracking Time, 99.7% Tracking Efficiency for a Battery-Less Harvesting Front-End With Cold-Startup and Over-Voltage Protection,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. 71, no. 10, pp. 4499–4511, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2024.3435533.
[29] X. Lu et al., “An Integrated Self-Powered Wheel- Speed Monitoring System Utilizing Piezoelectric-Electromagnetic-Triboelectric Hybrid Generator,” IEEE Sens. J., vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 16805–16815, 2024, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3384569.
[30] M. Joshan, J. H. Saito, and E. C. Pedrino, “Improved Parallel Algorithm for Finding Minimum Cuts in Stochastic Flow Networks,” IEEE Lat. Am. Trans., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 285–293, 2025, doi: 10.1109/TLA.2025.10930375.
[31] M. K. Singh, S. K. Pippal, and V. Sharma, “Lightweight blockchain mechanism for secure data transmission in healthcare system,” Biomed. Signal Process. Control, vol. 102, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2024.107411.
[32] L. Luo et al., “Constructing high-performance and versatile liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerator with inflatable columnar units,” Int. J. Extrem. Manuf., vol. 7, no. 1, 2025, doi: 10.1088/2631-7990/ad88bd.
[33] C.-H. Lin and Y.-C. Lin, “Magnetoelectric coupling in nonlinear three-phase composites: A micromechanical study,” Int. J. Mech. Sci., vol. 299, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110425.
[34] A. M. A. Alnaser, S. S. Saloum, A. A. M. Sharadqh, and H. Hatamleh, “Optimizing Multi-Tier Scheduling and Secure Routing in Edge-Assisted Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Network Environment Using Moving Target Defense and AI Techniques,” Futur. Internet, vol. 16, no. 11, 2024, doi: 10.3390/fi16110386.
[35] F. Qu, N. Yang, H. Liu, Y. Li, and D. E. Quevedo, “Time-Stamp Attacks on Remote State Estimation in Cyber-Physical Systems,” IEEE Trans. Control Netw. Syst., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 450–461, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TCNS.2023.3285866.
[36] S. Ullas, B. U. Uma Maheswari, S. Ponnekanti, and T. M. M. Kumar, “Automated System to Optimize the Process and Energy Consumption for Sewage Treatment Plant Based on Gas Emission by Using Sensors and IoT,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 115972–115989, 2025, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3585283.
[37] S. I. Mohammad et al., “Novel multimodal shunt circuit architecture for simultaneous subsonic flutter control and energy scavenging,” Smart Struct. Syst., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 111–122, 2025, doi: 10.12989/sss.2025.36.2.111.
[38] S. R. Eftekhari, A. Mosallanejad, H. Pairo, and J. Rodríguez, “Efficiency Enhancement in Synchronous Reluctance Motors by Active Flux Adjustment Based on Robust Model-Based Approaches,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 127731–127748, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3440037.
[39] Y. Wang et al., “A Tribo/Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Based on Bio-MOFs for Energy Harvesting and Antibacterial Wearable Device,” Adv. Mater., vol. 37, no. 9, 2025, doi: 10.1002/adma.202418207.
[40] R. Fadrial, u. Sujianto, H. T. R. Freddy Simanjuntak, W. Wirman, and W. S. Wibowo, “FOSTERING TRUST THROUGH BYTES: UNRAVELLING THE IMPACT OF E-GOVERNMENT ON PUBLIC TRUST IN INDONESIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT,” Interdiscip. J. Information, Knowledge, Manag., vol. 19, 2024, doi: 10.28945/5317.
[41] L. Zhou et al., “A superhydrophobic droplet triboelectric nanogenerator inspired by water strider for self-powered smart greenhouse,” Nano Energy, vol. 129, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109985.
[42] J. Margielewicz, D. Ga̧ska, S. Bucki, G. Litak, and S. Sadasivan, “Multiple solutions and orbit change in energy harvesting system with a flag configuration,” Nonlinear Dyn., vol. 113, no. 8, pp. 7879–7899, 2025, doi: 10.1007/s11071-024-10529-7.
[43] S. Zahan, O. Alsalmi, A. Z. Ziauddin Ahmed, and M. Rashid, “Band gap modulation and improved optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties in Sn-doped RbCaCl3 perovskites,” Phys. B Condens. Matter, vol. 717, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2025.417831.
[44] U. M. Malik, M. A. Javed, J. Frnda, and J. Nedoma, “SMRETO: Stable Matching for Reliable and Efficient Task Offloading in Fog-Enabled IoT Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 111579–111590, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3215555.
[45] V. Kulkarni and R. D. Joshi, “Modeling and Performance Analysis of LBT-Based RF-Powered NR-U Network for IoT,” Sensors, vol. 24, no. 16, 2024, doi: 10.3390/s24165369.
[46] Z. Cai, W. Zhang, J. Chen, and P. Su, “Photovoltaic Integrated Shading Devices in the Retrofitting of Existing Buildings on Chinese Campuses Within a Regional Context,” Buildings, vol. 14, no. 11, 2024, doi: 10.3390/buildings14113577.
[47] B. Jin Kim and E.-Y. Chung, “Auto Batching Scheme for Optimizing LSTM Inference on FPGA Platforms,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 159380–159394, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3488033.
[48] M. Usman Hashmi, A. Imran, A. Bilal, M. Garayev, H. Fathi, and S. Dhelim, “Resource-Limited Skew Estimation and Correction (RLSEC) for Edge Devices in Delay Non-Tolerant Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 159597–159610, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3469581.
[49] A. S. Morales, C. D’Aquino, R. B. P. Klaus, G. S. Vargas, M. A. M. Giassi, and F. de Oliveira Ourique, “Internet of Things experimental platform for real-time water monitoring: a case study of the Araranguá River estuary,” Acta Sci. - Technol., vol. 45, 2023, doi: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v45i1.63130.
[50] Z. M. Huang, J. J. Song, and Y. S. Song, “Sustainable energy harvesting of bio-photovoltaic cells using hybrid particles,” J. Mech. Sci. Technol., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 3167–3174, 2025, doi: 10.1007/s12206-025-0514-9.
[51] K. S. Karthik, B. G. Basavaraj, M. B. Mohan, P. Nandihal, V. N. Veena, and L. Syed, “Wireless sensor networks based efficient drip irrigation monitoring systems,” Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 677–688, 2025, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v15i1.pp677-688.
[52] R. Barelli, M. D’Onghia, and S. Longari, “Toward Secure Electronic Voting: A Survey on E-Voting Systems and Attacks,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 89600–89626, 2025, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3569334.
[53] S. Nanda et al., “Composition driven structural, dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric performances of MnO2 modified (Ba0.85Ca0.15) (Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3 ceramics,” Mater. Today Commun., vol. 48, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.113569.
[54] H. Jung et al., “Modeling and sea trial of a self-powered ocean buoy harvesting Arctic Ocean wave energy using a double-side cylindrical triboelectric nanogenerator,” Nano Energy, vol. 135, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110641.
[55] L. Yao, J. Cui, Y. Xie, and C. Sun, “Neighborhood Information Aggregation and Multi-View Feature Extraction-Based Contrastive Graph Clustering,” Array, vol. 27, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.array.2025.100427.
[56] J. Zhang, Q. Wang, X. Wang, L. Moreira, and M. Liu, “Preserving specificity in federated graph learning for fMRI-based neurological disorder identification,” Neural Networks, vol. 169, pp. 584–596, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2023.11.004.
[57] X. Huang, X. Hua, and Z. Chen, “Exploiting a novel magnetoelastic tunable bi-stable energy converter for vibration energy mitigation,” Nonlinear Dyn., vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 2017–2043, 2025, doi: 10.1007/s11071-024-10337-z.
[58] S. Subramani and M. Selvi, “Intrusion detection system using RBPSO and fuzzy neuro-genetic classification algorithms in wireless sensor networks,” Int. J. Inf. Comput. Secur., vol. 20, no. 3–4, pp. 439–461, 2023, doi: 10.1504/IJICS.2023.128857.
[59] X. Yu, “Exploiting data transmission for route discoveries in mobile ad hoc networks,” Wirel. Networks, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1337–1359, 2025, doi: 10.1007/s11276-024-03796-0.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Noviyani Dwi Saputri, Rohilia Loati (Penulis)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
