Design of a Real-Time Air Quality Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Network and Edge Computing for Data Location Optimization
Keywords:
Wireless Sensor Networks, Edge Computing, Air Quality, Latency Optimization, Smart EnvironmentAbstract
Air quality degradation due to urbanization, industrial activities, and an increase in motor vehicles requires a monitoring system capable of operating in real-time with low latency and high efficiency. The latest technology shows that the integration of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Edge Computing can be a solution to overcome the limitations of conventional monitoring systems that still rely on centralized processing in the cloud. This study aims to design and test an air quality monitoring system based on WSN and Edge Computing that can optimize latency, bandwidth efficiency, and power consumption to improve the effectiveness of real-time environmental monitoring. This research uses a quantitative systems engineering experimental approach, by building a prototype consisting of air sensor nodes (PM2.5, PM10, CO₂, temperature, humidity), edge nodes (Raspberry Pi), and cloud servers. Three test scenarios were conducted to compare the performance of systems without edge, with basic edge, and with adaptive latency optimization. The implementation of Edge Computing reduced the average latency from 820 ms to 420 ms, saved bandwidth by up to 47%, and reduced power consumption by 13%. The accuracy of the sensor measurements reached more than 95% compared to laboratory reference instruments. The results of this study prove that the integration of WSN and Edge Computing can significantly improve the performance of air quality monitoring systems. This system has the potential to be further developed with the application of lightweight machine learning for pollution prediction and integration into smart city platforms to support real-time data-driven environmental policies.
Downloads
References
REFERENSI
[1] F. P. E. Putra, F. Muslim, N. Hasanah, R. Paradina, and ..., “Analisis Komparasi Protokol Websocket dan MQTT Dalam Proses Push Notification,” J. Sistim Inf. …, 2023, [Online]. Available: http://www.jsisfotek.org/index.php/JSisfotek/article/view/325
[2] F. P. E. Putra, S. R. Sutarsih, S. Sofiyulloh, and ..., “Optimalisasi Perancangan Aplikasi Manajemen Data Koloman, Di Desa Pulau Mandangin Sampang–Madura Berbasis Website,” 2024, jurnal.univrab.ac.id. [Online]. Available: https://jurnal.univrab.ac.id/index.php/rabit/article/download/4840/1965
[3] F. P. E. Putra, S. M. Dewi, Maugfiroh, and A. Hamzah, “Privasi dan Keamanan Penerapan IoT Dalam Kehidupan Sehari-Hari : Tantangan dan Implikasi,” 2023. [Online]. Available: https://jsisfotek.org/index.php/JSisfotek/article/view/232
[4] F. P. E. Putra, M. Riski, M. S. Yahya, and ..., “Mengenal Teknologi Jaringan Nirkabel Terbaru Teknologi 5G,” J. Sistim Inf. …, 2023, [Online]. Available: http://www.jsisfotek.org/index.php/JSisfotek/article/view/233
[5] F. P. E. Putra, F. Fauzan, S. Syirofi, M. Mursidi, D. Wahid, and A. Nuraini, “Sistem Pengendali Lingkungan Pertanian Dengan Wireless Sensor Network Untuk Mengoptimalkan Budidaya Hidroponik,” 2024. doi: 10.47709/digitech.v3i2.3461.
[6] F. P. E. Putra, A. M. U. Solichin, and ..., “Pemanfaatan Teknologi Wireless dan Mobile Network Berbasis 5G Untuk Pemerataan Akses Jaringan di Indonesia,” Infotek J. …, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://e-journal.hamzanwadi.ac.id/index.php/infotek/article/view/30559
[7] F. Prasetyo, E. Putra, M. Riski, M. S. Yahya, and M. H. Ramadhan, “Mengenal Teknologi Jaringan Nirkabel Terbaru Teknologi 5G,” J. Sistim Inf. dan Teknol., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 167–174, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://jsisfotek.org/index.php
[8] F. P. E. Putra, D. E. Arissandi, A. Rofiqi, and M. F. Hidayat, “Pemanfaatan Mikrotik Dalam Manajemen Bandwidth Pada Jaringan Sekolah,” 2025, researchgate.net. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fauzan-Eka-Putra-2/publication/392420575_Pemanfaatan_Mikrotik_Dalam_Manajemen_Bandwidth_Pada_Jaringan_Sekolah/links/6848fab46b5a287c304a61ca/Pemanfaatan-Mikrotik-Dalam-Manajemen-Bandwidth-Pada-Jaringan-Sekolah.pdf
[9] F. P. E. Putra, D. A. M. Putra, A. Firdaus, and A. Hamzah, “Analisis Kecepatan Dan Kinerja Jaringan 5G (generasi ke 5) Pada Wilayah Perkotaan,” INFORMATICS Educ. Prof. J. Informatics, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 47, 2023, doi: 10.51211/itbi.v8i1.2439.
[10] F. P. E. Putra, R. A. Mustafida, and A. Nahriyah, “Perancangan Jaringan Nirkabel Berbasis Mesh untuk Menun-jang Aplikasi Smart City,” 2025, researchgate.net. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fauzan-Eka-Putra-2/publication/392411187_Perancangan_Jaringan_Nirkabel_Berbasis_Mesh_untuk_Menunjang_Aplikasi_Smart_City/links/6848f767d1054b0207fb79de/Perancangan-Jaringan-Nirkabel-Berbasis-Mesh-untuk-Menunjang-Aplika
[11] N. Jung, W. Choo, I. Ullah, H. Khan, and C. Choi, “Vulnerability Assessment Method for an Enhanced User Authentication System Based on Electrocardiogram in the Critical Infrastructure Environment,” Human-centric Comput. Inf. Sci., vol. 15, 2025, doi: 10.22967/HCIS.2025.15.063.
[12] V.-H. Nguyen and N. D. Tan, “Voronoi diagrams and tree structures in HRP-EE: Enhancing IoT network lifespan with WSNs,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 161, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2024.103518.
[13] G. H. Adday, S. K. Subramaniam, Z. A. Zukarnain, and N. Samian, “Investigating and Analyzing Simulation Tools of Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 22938–22977, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3362889.
[14] S. Al Ajrawi and B. Tran, “Mobile wireless ad-hoc network routing protocols comparison for real-time military application,” Spat. Inf. Res., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 119–129, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s41324-023-00535-z.
[15] G. Li et al., “Breaking Down Data Sharing Barrier of Smart City: A Digital Twin Approach,” IEEE Netw., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 238–246, 2024, doi: 10.1109/MNET.140.2200512.
[16] Y. K. Sharma, G. Ahmed, and D. K. Saini, “Uneven clustering in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review,” Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 120, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109844.
[17] M. S. Batta, H. Mabed, Z. Aliouat, and S. Harous, “Battery State-of-Health Prediction-Based Clustering for Lifetime Optimization in IoT Networks,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 81–91, 2023, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3200717.
[18] H. Alamro, K. Mahmood, S. S. Aljameel, A. Yafoz, R. Alsini, and A. Mohamed, “Modified Red Fox Optimizer with Deep Learning Enabled False Data Injection Attack Detection,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 79256–79264, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3298056.
[19] N. Poongavanam, N. Nithiyanandam, T. Suma, V. N. Thatha, and R. SHAIK, “Multi-objective shuffled frog leaping algorithm for deployment of sensors in target based wireless sensor networks,” J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 2024, doi: 10.3233/JIFS-233595.
[20] J. Perez-Romero et al., “A Tutorial on the Characterisation and Modelling of Low Layer Functional Splits for Flexible Radio Access Networks in 5G and Beyond,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2791–2833, 2023, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2023.3296821.
[21] D. Jing, “Harris Harks Optimization Based Clustering With Fuzzy Routing for Lifetime Enhancing in Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 12149–12163, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3354276.
[22] M. Fahad et al., “Deep insights into gastrointestinal health: A comprehensive analysis of GastroVision dataset using convolutional neural networks and explainable AI,” Biomed. Signal Process. Control, vol. 102, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2024.107260.
[23] W. Chen, Z. He, J. Zhao, J. Mo, and H. Ouyang, “Hybrid triboelectric-piezoelectric energy harvesting via a bistable swing-impact structure with a tuneable potential barrier and frequency-up conversion effects,” Appl. Energy, vol. 375, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124123.
[24] K. Thangavel, D. Spiller, R. Sabatini, P. Marzocca, and M. Esposito, “Near Real-Time Wildfire Management Using Distributed Satellite System,” IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., vol. 20, 2023, doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2022.3229173.
[25] M. Kuliha and S. Varma, “Secure internet of medical things based electronic health records scheme in trust decentralized loop federated learning consensus blockchain,” Int. J. Intell. Networks, vol. 5, pp. 161–174, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijin.2024.03.001.
[26] A. Volpi, L. Tebaldi, G. Matrella, R. Montanari, and E. Bottani, “Low-Cost UWB Based Real-Time Locating System: Development, Lab Test, Industrial Implementation and Economic Assessment,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 3, 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23031124.
[27] K. Saminathan, L. Latha, F. H. Shajin, and R. K. Shakya, “Multicast On-Route cluster propagation to detect network intrusion detection systems on MANET using Deep Operator Neural networks,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 271, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125864.
[28] M. Markiewicz, P. Dziurdzia, and T. Skotnicki, “Randomly moving thermoelectric energy harvester for wearables and industrial Internet of Things,” Nano Energy, vol. 126, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109565.
[29] J. He et al., “A Wireless Millimeter-Scale Device for in Vivo Electromagnetic Brain Tumor Therapy by Ultrasound-Responsive Ti3C2Tx Hydrogel,” Adv. Healthc. Mater., vol. 14, no. 15, 2025, doi: 10.1002/adhm.202404918.
[30] S. Itoo, A. A. Khan, M. Ahmad, and M. J. Idrisi, “A Secure and Privacy-Preserving Lightweight Authentication and Key Exchange Algorithm for Smart Agriculture Monitoring System,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 56875–56890, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3280542.
[31] J. Jang and S. Kee, “Thermoelectric Performance Enhancement via Acid and Base Post-Treatments for Highly Stretchable Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube and Carboxymethyl Cellulose Composites,” ACS Appl. Energy Mater., vol. 8, no. 14, pp. 10360–10368, 2025, doi: 10.1021/acsaem.5c01212.
[32] N. P. Nazirkar et al., “Manipulating Ferroelectric Topological Polar Structures with Twisted Light,” Adv. Mater., vol. 37, no. 33, 2025, doi: 10.1002/adma.202415231.
[33] C. L. Ng et al., “A Versatile and Wireless Multichannel Capacitive EMG Measurement System for Digital Healthcare,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 20120–20137, 2024, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2024.3370960.
[34] Y. Jiang, “A study of trust mining algorithms for beacon nodes in large-scale network environments,” PeerJ Comput. Sci., vol. 11, 2025, doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2755.
[35] M. J. Patil and K. P. Adhiya, “Secured VANET: an improved COOT-algorithm-based optimal routing protocol with multiple authentication and fake message detection for secure data transmission,” Wirel. Networks, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 3315–3342, 2025, doi: 10.1007/s11276-025-03941-3.
[36] H. Wen et al., “Power-Control-Based Energy-Efficient Deployment for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks With Asymmetric Links,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 11, no. 18, pp. 29742–29756, 2024, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2024.3404666.
[37] M. O. Awadallah, C. Jiang, O. El Moctar, and A. A. Hassan, “Improving energy harvesting in flow-induced vibrations of multi-cylinder square arrays with vortex generators,” Ocean Eng., vol. 328, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.121057.
[38] R. Aragonés, J. Oliver, and C. Ferrer, “Enhanced Heat-Powered Batteryless IIoT Architecture with NB-IoT for Predictive Maintenance in the Oil and Gas Industry,” Sensors, vol. 25, no. 8, 2025, doi: 10.3390/s25082590.
[39] M. Liu, “The optimization of rural employment resources and services based on edge computing and blockchain technology,” J. Comput. Methods Sci. Eng., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1368–1381, 2025, doi: 10.1177/14727978241299573.
[40] M. N. B. Md Jamil, M. Omar, R. Ibrahim, K. Bingi, and M. Faqih, “Rectenna System Development Using Harmonic Balance and S-Parameters for an RF Energy Harvester,” Sensors, vol. 24, no. 9, 2024, doi: 10.3390/s24092843.
[41] R. López-Blanco, R. S. Alonso, S. Rodríguez-González, J. Prieto, and J. M. Corchado Rodríguez, “Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence -based federated architecture for symptomatic disease detection,” Neurocomputing, vol. 579, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.neucom.2024.127415.
[42] M. A. Akram, A. N. Mian, A. K. Biswas, S. Kumari, and C.-M. Chen, “Privacy-Preserving Lightweight LoRaWAN Authentication Protocol for IoT Applications,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 12, no. 20, pp. 42790–42802, 2025, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2025.3593886.
[43] L. I. S. Hamad, T. Daǧ, and T. Güçlüoǧlu, “Modulated relay based stable election protocol for large-scale wireless sensor networks,” Int. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 36, no. 2, 2023, doi: 10.1002/dac.5379.
[44] N. Nathiya, C. Rajan, and K. Geetha, “A hybrid optimization and machine learning based energy-efficient clustering algorithm with self-diagnosis data fault detection and prediction for WSN-IoT application,” Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl., vol. 18, no. 2, 2025, doi: 10.1007/s12083-024-01892-8.
[45] J. Wu, X. Lin, C. Yang, S. Yang, C. Liu, and Y. Cao, “Wearable Sensors Based on Miniaturized High-Performance Hybrid Nanogenerator for Medical Health Monitoring,” Biosensors, vol. 14, no. 8, 2024, doi: 10.3390/bios14080361.
[46] F. M. Bono et al., “Wireless Accelerometer Architecture for Bridge SHM: From Sensor Design to System Deployment,” Futur. Internet, vol. 17, no. 1, 2025, doi: 10.3390/fi17010029.
[47] Y. Y. Xian et al., “Performance Assessment of Optimized Link State Routing Protocol on Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Simulation,” HighTech Innov. J., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 289–302, 2025, doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2025-06-01-019.
[48] M. S. Sahaya Sheela, J. J. Jayakanth, A. Ramathilagam, and J. Gracewell, “Secure wireless sensor network transmission using reinforcement learning and homomorphic encryption,” Int. J. Data Sci. Anal., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2851–2870, 2025, doi: 10.1007/s41060-024-00633-7.
[49] F. Li, G. Han, C. Lin, F. Zhang, and C. Sun, “SDN-QLTR: Q-Learning-Assisted Trust Routing Scheme for SDN-Based Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 10682–10694, 2024, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3328356.
[50] H. Al-Maliki, H. A. A. Al-Asadi, Z. A. Abduljabbar, and V. O. Nyangaresi, “Reliable Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks for Intelligent Transportation Systems based on the Snake Optimization Algorithm,” Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 18631–18639, 2024, doi: 10.48084/etasr.8851.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Syamsul Arifin (Penulis)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
