Survei dan Analisis Protokol Komunikasi pada Jaringan Sensor Nirkabel untuk Efesiensi Energi
Kata Kunci:
Wireless Sensor Network, Efisiensi Energi, Protokol Komunikasi, Clustering, RoutingAbstrak
Jaringan Sensor Nirkabel (WSN) merupakan sebuah sistem jaringan yang tersusun dari banyak sekali node sensor berbiaya rendah yang tersebar di area tertentu, di mana node-node ini memiliki kemampuan yang sangat terbatas, terutama dalam hal sumber daya energi (baterai), kapasitas pemrosesan, dan jangkauan komunikasi. Keterbatasan energi ini menjadi kendala utama, karena secara langsung menentukan kinerja dan umur operasional keseluruhan jaringan, sehingga efisiensi energi menjadi faktor desain yang paling krusial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan survei komprehensif dan analisis mendalam terhadap berbagai protokol komunikasi pada WSN yang berfokus pada optimalisasi penggunaan energi. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian literatur sistematis terhadap beberapa protokol routing utama yang paling berpengaruh, dengan mengevaluasi dan membandingkan karakteristik, mekanisme, keunggulan, serta keterbatasan dari protokol fundamental seperti LEACH (clustering adaptif), PEGASIS (berbasis rantai), HEED (clustering terdistribusi), dan TEEN (reaktif). Hasil survei menunjukkan bahwa protokol dengan arsitektur hierarkis (clustering dan chain-based) mampu meningkatkan efisiensi energi secara signifikan dibandingkan pendekatan routing datar, terutama melalui agregasi data dan pengurangan transmisi jarak jauh. Namun, tantangan seperti penanganan heterogenitas node dan peningkatan adaptivitas jaringan terhadap perubahan topologi masih perlu ditingkatkan. Diharapkan riset ini akan menjadi acuan fundamental bagi pengembangan protokol komunikasi WSN di masa depan yang lebih hemat energi, cerdas, skabel, adaptif, serta berkelanjutan.
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