Comparative Study of Communication Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Keywords:
Wireless Sensor Networks, Communication Protocols, LEACH, Directed Diffusion, GEAR.Abstract
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are an important communication technology in Internet of Things (IoT) systems that enable automatic data collection and transmission without cables. Communication efficiency and energy management are major challenges in WSN development due to the limited resources of sensor nodes. Previous studies have shown that the performance of communication protocols such as LEACH, Directed Diffusion, and GEAR varies greatly depending on network conditions and the applications used. This study aims to analyze and compare the performance of these three communication protocols based on the parameters of energy consumption, throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and end-to-end delay to determine the most efficient protocol in various network scenarios. The research was conducted using an experimental quantitative simulation approach with NS-3 software. The three protocols were tested on networks of 50, 100, and 150 nodes in a 100 × 100 meter area with Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic. The simulation data were analyzed descriptively and comparatively using four main evaluation parameters. The results show that GEAR has the highest energy efficiency, largest throughput, highest PDR, and lowest delay compared to LEACH and Directed Diffusion. LEACH shows stable performance in medium-sized networks, while Directed Diffusion tends to be less efficient in dense networks due to high communication overhead. This study concludes that GEAR is the most efficient and adaptive communication protocol for large-scale WSN systems, especially in monitoring and IoT applications. Further research is recommended to develop adaptive hybrid protocols capable of adjusting to energy dynamics and network topology in real time.
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