Energy Consumption Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Keywords:
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Energy Optimization, Network Lifetime, Adaptive Routing, Internet of ThingsAbstract
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have become a key pillar in smart monitoring infrastructure, but their operational effectiveness continues to be hampered by the limited energy resources of each sensor node. This research aims to optimize energy consumption through the development of adaptive routing algorithms and duty-cycling mechanisms designed to extend network lifetime without compromising quality of service (QoS). The methodology applied includes the formulation of a precise radio energy dissipation model and the implementation of computational intelligence-based optimization algorithms to dynamically balance the workload based on remaining energy. Validation was performed through computational simulations by comparing the performance of the proposed method with standard protocols such as LEACH in various network density scenarios. The analysis results showed a significant increase in the First Node Dies (FND) indicator of 45.8% and an increase in data throughput of up to 61.9% compared to conventional protocols.
In addition, average energy consumption was successfully reduced by 33.3%, proving that optimization at the network and MAC layers can effectively mitigate the energy hole phenomenon. This finding makes an important contribution to the development of independent and sustainable Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure, while also opening up future research opportunities on the integration of machine learning for real-time energy load prediction.
Downloads
References
REFERENSI
[1] J. A. C. Patterson, R. Ali, and G. Z. Yang, “Wireless sensor network,” 2016. doi: 10.18535/ijecs/v5i1.16.
[2] D. Kandris, C. Nakas, D. Vomvas, and G. Koulouras, “Applications of wireless sensor networks: An up-to-date survey,” 2020. doi: 10.3390/asi3010014.
[3] M. Majid et al., “Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks and Internet of Things Frameworks in the Industry Revolution 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review,” 2022. doi: 10.3390/s22062087.
[4] M. Dhanaraju, P. Chenniappan, K. Ramalingam, S. Pazhanivelan, and R. Kaliaperumal, “Smart Farming: Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Sustainable Agriculture,” 2022. doi: 10.3390/agriculture12101745.
[5] S. L. Ullo and G. R. Sinha, “Advances in smart environment monitoring systems using iot and sensors,” 2020. doi: 10.3390/s20113113.
[6] M. A. Jamshed, K. Ali, Q. H. Abbasi, M. A. Imran, and M. Ur-Rehman, “Challenges, Applications, and Future of Wireless Sensors in Internet of Things: A Review,” 2022. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3148128.
[7] J. Zheng and A. Jamalipour, “Wireless Sensor Networks: A Networking Perspective,” 2008. doi: 10.1002/9780470443521.
[8] V. Ponnusamy, A. Abdullah, and A. G. Downe, “Energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor networks: A survey,” 2012. doi: 10.4018/978-1-4666-0101-7.ch010.
[9] K. Gulati, R. S. Kumar Boddu, D. Kapila, S. L. Bangare, N. Chandnani, and G. Saravanan, “A review paper on wireless sensor network techniques in Internet of Things (IoT),” 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.067.
[10] F. P. E. Putra, K. Mufidah, R. M. Ilhamsyah, S. A. Efendy, and S. N. R. Barokah, “Tinjauan Performa RouterOS Mikrotik dalam Jaringan Internet: Analisis Kinerja dan Kelayakan,” Digit. Transform. Technol., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 903–910, 2024, doi: 10.47709/digitech.v3i2.3446.
[11] H. Landaluce, L. Arjona, A. Perallos, F. Falcone, I. Angulo, and F. Muralter, “A review of iot sensing applications and challenges using RFID and wireless sensor networks,” 2020. doi: 10.3390/s20092495.
[12] F. P. E. Putra, U. Ubaidi, D. Mayangsari, and N. Hasanah, “Netvista Public Wireless Network Quality Analysis Using Quality Of Service Parameters,” Brill. Res. Artif. Intell., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 443–452, 2024, doi: 10.47709/brilliance.v4i1.4388.
[13] R. Lin et al., “Wireless battery-free body sensor networks using near-field-enabled clothing,” 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14311-2.
[14] Z. Wu, T. Cheng, and Z. L. Wang, “Self-powered sensors and systems based on nanogenerators,” 2020. doi: 10.3390/s20102925.
[15] K. Haseeb, I. U. Din, A. Almogren, and N. Islam, “An energy efficient and secure IoT-based WSN framework: An application to smart agriculture,” 2020. doi: 10.3390/s20072081.
[16] Z. Song et al., “Wireless Self-Powered High-Performance Integrated Nanostructured-Gas-Sensor Network for Future Smart Homes,” 2021. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01256.
[17] F. P. E. Putra, M. Aziz, G. Arifin, A. Rohman, A. Rizki, and A. M. Syam, “Analisis Qos & Qoe,” J. Syntax Admiration, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 140–145, 2024, doi: 10.46799/jsa.v5i1.973.
[18] F. P. E. Putra, U. Ubaidi, A. Hamzah, W. A. Pramadi, and A. Nuraini, “Systematic Literature Review: Security Gap Detection On Websites Using Owasp Zap,” Brill. Res. Artif. Intell., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 348–355, 2024, doi: 10.47709/brilliance.v4i1.4227.
[19] A. Rehman, T. Saba, M. Kashif, S. M. Fati, S. A. Bahaj, and H. Chaudhry, “A Revisit of Internet of Things Technologies for Monitoring and Control Strategies in Smart Agriculture,” 2022. doi: 10.3390/agronomy12010127.
[20] G. Zhu, J. Xu, K. Huang, and S. Cui, “Over-the-Air Computing for Wireless Data Aggregation in Massive IoT,” 2021. doi: 10.1109/MWC.011.2000467.
[21] Y. Mekonnen, S. Namuduri, L. Burton, A. Sarwat, and S. Bhansali, “Review—Machine Learning Techniques in Wireless Sensor Network Based Precision Agriculture,” 2020. doi: 10.1149/2.0222003jes.
[22] I. Daanoune, B. Abdennaceur, and A. Ballouk, “A comprehensive survey on LEACH-based clustering routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks,” 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102409.
[23] X. Su, I. Ullah, X. Liu, and D. Choi, “A review of underwater localization techniques, algorithms, and challenges,” 2020. doi: 10.1155/2020/6403161.
[24] F. P. E. Putra, U. Ubaidi, R. N. Saputra, F. M. Haris, and S. N. R. Barokah, “Application of Internet of Things Technology in Monitoring Water Quality in Fishponds,” Brill. Res. Artif. Intell., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 356–361, 2024, doi: 10.47709/brilliance.v4i1.4231.
[25] F. P. E. Putra, U. Ubaidi, R. O. F. Kusuma, A. M. Syam, and S. A. Efendy, “Effect Of Distance On Wi-Fi Signal Quality In The Home Environment,” Brill. Res. Artif. Intell., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 391–398, 2024, doi: 10.47709/brilliance.v4i1.4319.
[26] A. Nasser, H. A. H. Hassan, J. A. Chaaya, A. Mansour, and K. C. Yao, “Spectrum sensing for cognitive radio: Recent advances and future challenge,” 2021. doi: 10.3390/s21072408.
[27] Fauzan Prasetyo Eka Putra, Dian Tri Agustina, Triana Selvia Khusnul Khotimah, and Tarisha Ramadhanty, “Analisis Kinerja Jaringan 5G dalam Meningkatkan Konektivitas Internet of Things (IoT),” 2025, researchgate.net. doi: 10.55606/jitek.v5i1.5836.
[28] X. Li, X. Hu, R. Zhang, and L. Yang, “Routing Protocol Design for Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks: A Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Approach,” 2020. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.2989924.
[29] F. P. E. Putra, M. Irfan, M. Aziz, and R. N. Saputra, “Wireless Network Design at Pamekasan Regency Public Library,” Brill. Res. Artif. Intell., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 144–150, 2025, doi: 10.47709/brilliance.v5i1.5876.
[30] N. Haidar, F. P. Eka Putra, M. Arifin, M. Yasir Zain, and I. Darmawan, “Desain dan Perancangan Smart Campus berbasis ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network,” 2021. doi: 10.17977/um068v1i112021p842-850.
[31] S. V. N. Santhosh Kumar, Y. Palanichamy, M. Selvi, S. Ganapathy, A. Kannan, and S. P. Perumal, “Energy efficient secured K means based unequal fuzzy clustering algorithm for efficient reprogramming in wireless sensor networks,” Wirel. Networks, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 3873–3894, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11276-021-02660-9.
[32] M. K. Roberts and P. Ramasamy, “Optimized hybrid routing protocol for energy-aware cluster head selection in wireless sensor networks,” Digit. Signal Process. A Rev. J., vol. 130, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.dsp.2022.103737.
[33] J. Singh, R. Kaur, and D. Singh, “Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A taxonomic survey,” 2021. doi: 10.1002/er.5816.
[34] N. Subramani, P. Mohan, Y. Alotaibi, S. Alghamdi, and O. I. Khalaf, “An Efficient Metaheuristic‐Based Clustering with Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks,” 2022. doi: 10.3390/s22020415.
[35] C. Nakas, D. Kandris, and G. Visvardis, “Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive survey,” 2020. doi: 10.3390/a13030072.
[36] X. Fu, P. Pace, G. Aloi, L. Yang, and G. Fortino, “Topology optimization against cascading failures on wireless sensor networks using a memetic algorithm,” 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107327.
[37] G. K. Ijemaru, K. L. M. Ang, and J. K. P. Seng, “Wireless power transfer and energy harvesting in distributed sensor networks: Survey, opportunities, and challenges,” Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Networks, vol. 18, no. 3, 2022, doi: 10.1177/15501477211067740.
[38] J. Baek, S. I. Han, and Y. Han, “Energy-Efficient UAV Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks,” 2020. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2959808.
[39] P. Kathiroli and K. Selvadurai, “Energy efficient cluster head selection using improved Sparrow Search Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks,” 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.08.031.
[40] A. Rajaram and K. Sathiyaraj, “An Improved Optimization Technique for Energy Harvesting System with Grid connected Power for Green House Management,” J. Electr. Eng. Technol., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 2937–2949, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s42835-022-01033-2.
[41] X. Fu and Y. Yang, “Modeling and analysis of cascading node-link failures in multi-sink wireless sensor networks,” 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2020.106815.
[42] R. K. Yadav and R. P. Mahapatra, “Energy aware optimized clustering for hierarchical routing in wireless sensor network,” Comput. Sci. Rev., vol. 41, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cosrev.2021.100417.
[43] M. K. Mishu et al., “Prospective efficient ambient energy harvesting sources for iot-equipped sensor applications,” 2020. doi: 10.3390/electronics9091345.
[44] M. Alrizq et al., “Optimization of sensor node location utilizing artificial intelligence for mobile wireless sensor network,” 2024. doi: 10.1007/s11276-023-03469-4.
[45] S. S. Vellela and R. Balamanigandan, “Optimized clustering routing framework to maintain the optimal energy status in the wsn mobile cloud environment,” 2024. doi: 10.1007/s11042-023-15926-5.
[46] A. Ahmed, S. Abdullah, M. Bukhsh, I. Ahmad, and Z. Mushtaq, “An Energy-Efficient Data Aggregation Mechanism for IoT Secured by Blockchain,” 2022. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3146295.
[47] F. P. E. Putra, I. N. S. Degeng, S. Ulfa, and W. Kamdi, “The Evolution of Quality Education: Impacts and Challenges of Using Open Educational Resources (OER) and Open Educational Practices (OEP) in the Conceive - Design - Implement - Operate (CDIO) Framework,” TEM J., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 386–395, 2024, doi: 10.18421/TEM131-40.
[48] S. Verma, S. Zeadally, S. Kaur, and A. K. Sharma, “Intelligent and Secure Clustering in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-Based Intelligent Transportation Systems,” 2022. doi: 10.1109/TITS.2021.3124730.
[49] A. Heidari, Z. Amiri, M. A. J. Jamali, and N. Jafari, “Assessment of reliability and availability of wireless sensor networks in industrial applications by considering permanent faults,” 2024. doi: 10.1002/cpe.8252.
[50] K. F. Haque, K. H. Kabir, and A. Abdelgawad, “Advancement of routing protocols and applications of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN)-A survey,” 2020. doi: 10.3390/jsan9020019.
[51] F. P. Eka Putra, Amir Hamzah, W. Agel, and R. O. Firmansyah Kusuma, “Impelementasi Sistem Keamanan Jaringan Mikrotik Menggunakan Firewall Filtering dan Port Knocking,” J. Sistim Inf. dan Teknol., pp. 82–87, 2024, doi: 10.60083/jsisfotek.v5i4.329.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Anisa Triyana, Moh. Izzul Haq R (Penulis)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
