Karapan Network Journal : Journal Computer Technology and Mobile Ad Hoc Network
Karapan Network Journal: Journal of Computer Technology and Mobile Ad Hoc Network is an open-access journal published by Omah Tabing Publisher, issued quarterly (October, January, May, and July). The journal publishes scholarly articles on distributed sensor networks and mobile ad hoc networks, covering algorithms, architectures, data processing, and their applications in computer science, engineering, and applied sciences.
Literature Review of Energy Saving Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: Analysis and Summary of Previous Research
The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies has opened up significant opportunities for the creation of smarter and more responsive monitoring systems across various sectors. One of the main challenges still faced in the use of WSNs is the limited energy available to sensor nodes, necessitating strategies capable of maintaining long-term network operation. This study conducted a comprehensive literature review to explore various energy-saving methods developed between 2020 and 2025. The review process was conducted using a systematic literature review approach, reviewing 50 publications from leading scientific databases, including IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. The studies analyzed covered a variety of energy-efficiency techniques, such as active-sleep mode settings, power-saving-based routing protocols, data aggregation, cluster mechanisms, and the integration of energy harvesting technologies. Through content analysis, this study successfully mapped the trends, effectiveness, and limitations of each approach. The findings indicate that energy-saving strategies are fundamental to maintaining monitoring quality and extending the operational lifespan of sensor nodes. However, several issues still frequently arise, particularly related to network stability, adaptation to diverse environmental conditions, and the complexity of algorithm implementation. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of continuous innovation in algorithm design, hardware selection, and network architecture to support efficient WSN implementations that are ready for use in various smart applications in the future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Faisol, Andreas Fiki Darmawan (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Systematic Literature Analysis on Dynamic Clustering Algorithms for WSN Lifetime Extension
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are severely constrained by node energy resources, making network lifetime extension a major challenge. Clustering is recognized as a fundamental technique for energy conservation by reducing long-distance data transmission, where nodes are organized into groups and elect a Cluster Head (CH) for data aggregation. However, WSNs operate in dynamic environments—with constantly changing topologies and energy levels—making static clustering algorithms fail to adapt efficiently. Therefore, Dynamic Clustering Algorithms emerge as a smarter solution, allowing for periodic adjustment of CHs and cluster members based on real-time conditions such as residual energy levels, inter-node distances, and cluster density. This Systematic Literature Analysis (SLR) aims to critically identify, analyze, and synthesize current research on dynamic algorithms specifically designed for WSN lifetime extension. Specifically, this review will explore innovative algorithms that integrate advanced techniques such as fuzzy logic for uncertain decision-making, machine learning for network condition prediction, and swarm-based optimization for adaptive CH selection. We will review key performance metrics, including First Node Dead (FND) lifetime improvement, total network lifetime, and energy load balance across the network. The results of this SLR are expected to provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art, clearly highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of various dynamic clustering approaches, and identifying the most promising gaps and future research directions to guide the development of more energy-efficient and reliable clustering protocols for next-generation WSNs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuris Ikrar Rabbani, Giovani Sapta Purnama (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sistem Irigasi Otomatis Berbasis IoT untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Penggunaan Air
Penelitian ini membahas pembuatan sistem irigasi otomatis yang menggunakan Internet of Things (IoT) sebagai cara untuk meningkatkan penggunaan air secara lebih efisien di bidang pertanian. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat dan menerapkan sistem irigasi yang dapat memberi air secara otomatis sesuai kondisi lingkungan secara langsung. Cara penelitian ini mencakup perancangan perangkat keras dengan menggunakan sensor kelembapan tanah, sensor suhu, dan mikrokontroler yang terhubung ke platform IoT, serta pengembangan perangkat lunak untuk melihat dan mengendalikan sistem dari jauh. Sistem ini diuji di lahan percobaan dengan membandingkan penggunaan air dan kelembapan tanah sebelum dan sesudah sistem diterapkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem irigasi otomatis berbasis IoT mampu menghemat penggunaan air secara signifikan tanpa memengaruhi kualitas tanah dan tanaman. Selain itu, sistem ini juga lebih akurat dan konsisten dalam memberi air dibandingkan metode lama. Kontribusi dari penelitian ini adalah menyediakan model sistem irigasi yang cerdas dan bisa diubah sesuai kebutuhan untuk mendukung pertanian yang ramah lingkungan serta penggunaan air yang lebih efisien
IoT, irigasi otomatis, efisiensi air, pertanian cerdas
Copyright (c) 2025 Lailatul Fitriyah, Zahrotun Naimah, Sofa Aulia Rofika (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengembangan Dashboard Monitoring Iot (Penyiraman Otomatis) Tanaman Melon Pada Green House Farm
Perkembangan teknologi Internet of Things (IoT) di bidang pertanian mendorong penggunaan sistem cerdas untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan hasil panen, terutama di lingkungan greenhouse. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pembuatan dashboard pemantauan IoT untuk sistem penyiraman otomatis tanaman melon di pertanian greenhouse. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merancang dan menerapkan sistem pemantauan serta pengontrolan penyiraman berbasis IoT yang mampu menampilkan kondisi lingkungan secara real-time serta mengotomatisasi proses penyiraman sesuai kebutuhan tanaman. Metode yang digunakan mencakup perancangan perangkat keras berbasis mikrokontroler dengan sensor kelembapan tanah dan sensor suhu serta kelembapan udara, pengembangan perangkat lunak dashboard berbasis web, serta pengintegrasian sistem komunikasi data secara real-time. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang dikembangkan mampu memantau parameter lingkungan secara akurat, mengontrol penyiraman otomatis berdasarkan ambang batas kelembapan tanah, serta menampilkan informasi pemantauan melalui dashboard yang informatif dan mudah digunakan. Kontribusi penelitian ini adalah menyediakan solusi greenhouse cerdas yang mendukung pertanian presisi, meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan air, serta memudahkan pengelolaan budidaya melon melalui sistem pemantauan dan kontrol terintegrasi berbasis IoT
Internet of Things, dashboard monitoring, penyiraman otomatis, greenhouse
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahrotun Naimah, Lailatul Fitriyah, Sofa Aulia Rofika (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of Wireless Sensor Network for Multi-Sensor-Based Early Fire Detection System
Academic document management in many institutions still faces obstacles such as slow processes, risk of errors, and difficulty in tracking archives, thus requiring a more efficient digital approach. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of implementing an Academic Document Management Information System in improving accuracy, service speed, and ease of data retrieval. Method: A quantitative approach was used through the stages of needs analysis, system design, implementation, and functional testing to assess performance, error rates, and user response. Results: The developed system showed a reduction in recording errors of more than 40%, an increase in document processing speed, and the ability to instantly search archives through a centralized database. Automatic validation and an intuitive interface were proven to increase user satisfaction and reduce administrative workload. Conclusion: The results of this study prove that this system is capable of addressing the main problems of conventional archiving and providing significant improvements in the quality of academic services. The research objectives were fully achieved, although further development is still needed, especially in the integration of artificial intelligence and system interoperability in order to meet the increasingly complex demands of digitization.
Keywords: information system, academic documents, administrative digitization, service efficiency, centralized database.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Fauzan, Khoirul Mufid (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network as Data Communication Media in Remote Monitoring Systems
This study focuses on the implementation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) as a communication medium that is becoming an increasingly relevant technological solution for remote monitoring because it is capable of transmitting real-time data without cable infrastructure, especially in areas that are difficult to reach or dangerous for humans. This study aims to test the performance of WSNs as a data communication medium in remote monitoring systems by assessing transmission quality and power consumption efficiency in various environmental conditions. This research is an experimental quantitative study with testing in three different environmental scenarios (open, semi-obstructed, and enclosed concrete) during a period of periodic data transmission. The parameters measured include delay, packet loss, throughput, sensor accuracy, and node power consumption. The study shows that the environment greatly affects network performance, with open areas producing an average delay of 210 ms, semi-obstructed areas 287 ms, and concrete-enclosed areas 403 ms, while the highest packet loss occurred in enclosed areas at 6.4%. The highest throughput was recorded in open areas at 0.245 Mbps. Relay nodes consumed 46 mAh per hour, which was higher than regular nodes. WSN has proven to be effective as a remote data monitoring communication medium for small packet delivery, even though its performance is affected by physical environmental conditions. Further research is recommended to evaluate routing optimization and renewable energy sources to extend the operational life of nodes.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Remote Monitoring, Delay, Packet Loss, Throughput.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Faruq, Ahmad Hamdani (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of the Single Moving Average Algorithm for Stock Prediction in a Web-Based POS System at My Perfume
In the competitive retail industry, inventory management is a determining factor in business sustainability. The main problem faced by the “My Perfume” retail store is uncertainty in stock management due to reliance on manual recording methods and the owner's intuition. This situation often leads to operational inefficiencies in the form of overstocking, which burdens working capital, and stockouts of best-selling products, which result in lost sales. This study aims to overcome these problems by designing and implementing a Single Moving Average (SMA) forecasting algorithm into a web-based Point of Sale (POS) system. The system was developed using a systematic Waterfall model, utilizing Modern Web Architecture technology consisting of Next.js for a responsive user interface (frontend) and Express.js for server logic management (backend). The SMA algorithm was chosen for its ability to dampen fluctuations in stationary sales data to produce stable prediction trends. The system's performance was evaluated through accuracy testing using the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) method on historical sales transaction data. The test results show that the system is capable of predicting stock requirements with a high degree of precision, producing an average error value of only 3.33%. Referring to forecasting capability evaluation standards, this value is classified as Highly Accurate. These findings prove that integrating forecasting methods into POS systems effectively helps business owners make precise procurement decisions, minimize the risk of losses, and support business management transformation towards a data-driven approach.
Keywords: Point of Sale, Simple Moving Average, Stock Forecasting, MAPE, Next.js.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahmi Abdillah, Akmal (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of an IoT-Based Telemetry System for Monitoring the Temperature and Turbidity of Pond Water
Water quality is an important aspect in the success of pond aquaculture, especially temperature and clarity parameters that directly affect the physiological conditions of farmed organisms. Manual water quality monitoring has limitations in terms of continuity and speed of data access. This study aims to develop an Internet of Things (IoT)-based telemetry system as a solution for real-time and remote monitoring of pond water parameters. The system is designed using temperature and turbidity sensors integrated with a microcontroller and a wireless communication module for data transmission to an internet-based server. The measurement data is displayed through a web-based monitoring platform so that it can be accessed by users at any time. The research methods included hardware design, software development, and system performance evaluation. The test results showed that the system was capable of measuring water parameters with a good level of accuracy and stable data transmission. The developed system can provide continuous information on water quality conditions and support faster and more accurate decision-making in pond management. Thus, this IoT-based telemetry system has the potential to increase the efficiency and productivity of pond aquaculture.
Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), telemetry system, water temperature, water turbidity
Copyright (c) 2025 Waliyur Rohman, Rafli Hidayatullah (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of Automated Irrigation Systems in Tobacco Seedling Management in Galis Village
Tobacco seedling cultivation is a crucial stage in tobacco farming because it determines the quality and productivity of plants in the next phase. In Galis Village, the seedling process is still carried out conventionally, characterized by manual watering, unmeasured environmental monitoring, and inefficient use of water and labor. The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) offers a new approach to agricultural management through automation and data-based environmental monitoring. This study aims to implement and evaluate an IoT-based automatic watering system in tobacco seedling management to improve the efficiency of water use and farmers' working time. This study uses a design and field trial method with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The system was developed using a microcontroller integrated with soil moisture sensors, air temperature and humidity sensors, rain sensors, a time scheduling module, and Telegram-based notifications. Testing was conducted through observation of system performance, measurement of response time, and comparison of water usage and working time before and after system implementation. The results of the study show that the system is able to work stably and responsively. Watering can be automated based on soil moisture conditions and stopped when rain is detected. The system has successfully reduced water usage by around 35% and reduced farmers' manual labor time by around 45%. The notification delivery delay time is in the range of 2–5 seconds, which is still effective for real-time monitoring. The IoT-based automatic irrigation system has proven effective in improving the efficiency and ease of tobacco seedling management. Further research is recommended to develop the system on a larger scale and add integration of historical data analytics.
Keywords: Internet of Things, Automatic Irrigation, Tobacco Nursery, Smart Agriculture, Water Efficiency
Copyright (c) 2025 Laili Romadona, Siti fathiar rohmah (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tobacco seedling cultivation is an early stage that determines the success of tobacco cultivation because it directly affects seed quality and plant productivity in the next phase. Seedling cultivation practices at the farmer level are generally still carried out conventionally, with manual watering and unmeasured environmental monitoring, which can potentially cause water wastage, high workload, and unsuitable planting media conditions. The development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology offers a data-driven approach to support automation and efficiency in agricultural management. This study aims to implement and evaluate an IoT-based tobacco seedling automation management system to improve water use efficiency and reduce farmers' working hours. The study uses a design and field test method with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The system was developed by integrating soil moisture sensors, air temperature and humidity sensors, rain sensors, a time scheduling module, and instant messaging-based notifications. The evaluation was conducted through system performance testing, observation of watering responses, and comparison of water use and farmers' working hours before and after the system implementation. The results showed that the system was able to work stably and responsively. Irrigation can be carried out adaptively based on soil moisture conditions and stopped automatically when rain is detected. The application of the system has successfully reduced water usage significantly and reduced farmers' working time from 420–595 minutes per week to 210–315 minutes per week, or a reduction of around 45%. In conclusion, the IoT-based tobacco seedling automation management system is effective in improving seedling management efficiency and supporting smart farming practices. Further research is recommended to develop the system on a larger scale and utilize historical data for more adaptive decision-making.
Keywords: Internet of Things, Automatic Irrigation, Tobacco Nursery, Smart Agriculture, Resource Efficiency
Optimizing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Nodes Through Priority-Based Task Scheduling
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are low-power wireless network technologies that are widely used in various monitoring applications. However, energy limitations in sensor nodes remain a major problem that affects network lifetime and system reliability. Existing energy conservation approaches generally focus on communication aspects, while internal node task management has not been optimally utilized. This study aims to optimize energy consumption in WSN nodes through the application of priority-based task scheduling to extend network lifetime and improve the success rate of critical task execution. This study uses a simulation-based quantitative study by applying a priority-based task scheduling algorithm at the sensor node level. The performance of the proposed method is compared to scheduling without priority using metrics of average node energy consumption, network lifetime, energy distribution between nodes, and task execution success. Simulation results show that priority-based scheduling can reduce average node energy consumption by approximately 33%, extend network lifetime by up to two times, and increase the success rate of high-priority task execution from 72.5% to 96.8%. Additionally, energy consumption distribution among nodes becomes more stable compared to the non-priority method. The results of the study prove that priority-based task scheduling is effective in optimizing energy consumption and improving the sustainability of WSNs. Further research can develop this approach by considering dynamic priority adaptation and implementation in real WSN environments.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Energy Efficiency, Task Scheduling, Task Priority, Network Lifetime
Copyright (c) 2025 Moh Gilank Alamsyah, Suro Jalil (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Energy Consumption Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have become a key pillar in smart monitoring infrastructure, but their operational effectiveness continues to be hampered by the limited energy resources of each sensor node. This research aims to optimize energy consumption through the development of adaptive routing algorithms and duty-cycling mechanisms designed to extend network lifetime without compromising quality of service (QoS). The methodology applied includes the formulation of a precise radio energy dissipation model and the implementation of computational intelligence-based optimization algorithms to dynamically balance the workload based on remaining energy. Validation was performed through computational simulations by comparing the performance of the proposed method with standard protocols such as LEACH in various network density scenarios. The analysis results showed a significant increase in the First Node Dies (FND) indicator of 45.8% and an increase in data throughput of up to 61.9% compared to conventional protocols. In addition, average energy consumption was successfully reduced by 33.3%, proving that optimization at the network and MAC layers can effectively mitigate the energy hole phenomenon. This finding makes an important contribution to the development of independent and sustainable Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure, while also opening up future research opportunities on the integration of machine learning for real-time energy load prediction.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Energy Optimization, Network Lifetime, Adaptive Routing, Internet of Things
Copyright (c) 2025 Anisa Triyana, Moh. Izzul Haq R (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Analysis of Wireless Distribution Network (WDN) in a Dense User Environment Using the QoS Method
Wireless Distribution Network (WDN) is a wireless network solution used to expand network coverage without the need for cable infrastructure. However, the implementation of WDN in dense user environments has the potential to reduce network service quality due to increased traffic load and limited network capacity. This study aims to analyze the performance of Wireless Distribution Network (WDN) in a dense user environment using the Quality of Service (QoS) method. The study was conducted using a quantitative method through direct measurement of network performance during peak hours. The QoS parameters analyzed include throughput, delay, jitter, and packet loss. Data collection was carried out using network monitoring software to record traffic activity in real time. The results showed that WDN performance was quite good under low to moderate traffic conditions, but declined in high-density user environments, as indicated by decreased throughput and increased delay, jitter, and packet loss. Nevertheless, Wireless Distribution Network is still feasible as a wireless network solution with the implementation of proper network management and optimization. This research is expected to serve as an evaluation tool and reference in the development of more reliable and sustainable wireless networks.
Keywords: Wireless Distribution Network; Quality of Service; Wireless Network; Throughput; Delay; Packet Loss
Muhammad Nabil Zamzami Muhammad Nabil Zamzami
Copyright (c) 2025 Imam, Muhammad Nabil Zamzami (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IoT-Based Multi-Zone Automatic Irrigation System with Monitoring and Notifications via Telegram Application in Smart Greenhouse for Chili Plants
The development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has encouraged the implementation of smart farming systems to improve the efficiency of resource management, particularly water, in horticultural crops such as chili peppers in greenhouse environments. Conventional irrigation, which is carried out evenly, has not been able to accommodate the different water requirements of each planting zone. This study aims to design and implement an IoT-based multi-zone automatic irrigation system with monitoring and notification features via the Telegram application in a smart greenhouse for chili plants. The methodology used is a quantitative study with an experimental approach through system design, implementation, and testing. The system was developed using an ESP32 microcontroller, soil moisture sensors, water pumps, and solenoid valves, and was tested based on a multi-zone testing scenario. The test results showed that the system was able to read soil moisture values in each zone independently and perform automatic watering when the moisture was below the threshold. The test data showed an increase in soil moisture after watering in all tested zones, and the monitoring and notification system via Telegram ran in real-time and according to system conditions. The developed IoT-based multi-zone automatic irrigation system successfully met the research objectives by improving the accuracy and efficiency of watering. Further research can focus on integrating other environmental parameters and optimizing the watering control algorithm.
Keywords: Internet of Things, Automatic Irrigation, Multi-Zone, Smart Greenhouse, Chili Plants
Noviyani Dwi Saputri Noviyani Dwi Saputri
Copyright (c) 2025 Noviyani Dwi Saputri, Rohilia Loati (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IoT-Based Multi-Zone Irrigation Automation System for Chili Cultivation in Smart Greenhouses
Small-scale chili cultivation in greenhouses still faces irrigation management problems due to manual watering that does not take into account variations in soil moisture in each planting area. This condition has the potential to cause inefficient water use and instability in the plant growing environment. The application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology offers a solution through an automated irrigation system that is capable of working precisely and adaptively. This study aims to design and conceptually evaluate an IoT-based multi-zone irrigation automation system for chili cultivation in a smart greenhouse environment. The research method used is system design with conceptual evaluation. The system was designed using soil moisture sensors, ESP32 microcontrollers, water pumps, and solenoid valves, with a threshold-based control mechanism. The evaluation was conducted through eight soil moisture condition scenarios in three planting zones. The evaluation results showed that the system was able to selectively activate irrigation in zones with moisture below the threshold and stop it in zones that were in optimal conditions. The distribution of irrigation activation showed differences in frequency between zones, reflecting the system's ability to accommodate variations in water requirements independently. An IoT-based multi-zone irrigation automation system designed to support the principles of precision irrigation and water efficiency in small-scale smart greenhouses. Further research could focus on the physical implementation of the system and the integration of remote monitoring to improve the system's functionality.
Keywords: Internet of Things, Automatic Irrigation, Multi-Zone System, Smart Greenhouse, Chili Cultivation
Analisis Teknik Data Aggregation Pada Wireless Sensor Networks Sebagai Strategi Pengurangan Konsumsi Energi
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) adalah teknologi jaringan tanpa kabel yang sering digunakan untuk memantau lingkungan serta sistem cerdas, tetapi masalah utama dalam penggunaannya adalah batasan energi dari setiap node sensor, yang membuat jaringan sulit beroperasi dalam jangka waktu lama. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, beberapa metode telah dikembangkan, salah satunya adalah teknik data aggregation. Teknik ini bertujuan mengurangi jumlah data yang dikirim dengan memproses data terlebih dahulu di dalam jaringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan membandingkan efektivitas berbagai teknik data aggregation dalam meningkatkan penggunaan energi yang efisien. Penelitian menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan analisis perbandingan berdasarkan review literatur dan data evaluasi yang relevan. Parameter yang digunakan mencakup total konsumsi energi, jumlah paket data yang dikirim, umur jaringan, serta keberimbangan penggunaan energi di setiap node. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua teknik data aggregation dapat meningkatkan efisiensi energi secara lebih baik dibandingkan dengan skema tanpa agregasi. Dari berbagai teknik tersebut, pendekatan adaptive aggregation memiliki kinerja terbaik dalam mengurangi penggunaan energi, memperkecil volume data, memperpanjang masa hidup jaringan, serta mendistribusikan beban energi secara lebih merata. Penelitian ini memberikan bukti empiris yang kuat mengenai keefektifan teknik data aggregation, terutama pendekatan adaptif, sebagai bagian penting dalam perancangan WSN yang efisien dan berkelanjutan untuk mendukung sistem Internet of Things yang berskala besar.
Wireless Sensor Networks, Data Aggregation, Efisiensi Energi, Umur Jaringan, Internet of Things
Copyright (c) 2025 moh david (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilization of WSN in Monitoring and Controlling Smart Energy Systems
Advances in information and communication technology have encouraged the implementation of intelligent systems in energy management, where the effectiveness of energy management is highly dependent on the system's ability to perform real-time monitoring and control. This study aims to design and implement an optimal Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) architecture for smart energy systems and evaluate the performance, efficiency, and reliability of the developed system. The research method used an experimental approach through the development of a WSN-based energy monitoring prototype consisting of a sensor layer (PZEM-004T/INA219), a communication layer using the ZigBee and LoRa protocols, and an application layer based on the Internet of Things (IoT). Testing was conducted on a simulated microgrid scenario with parameters of measurement accuracy, sensor node energy efficiency, communication performance, and network stability. The results showed that the system had a high measurement accuracy rate of 97–99% for voltage and 98–99.8% for current. The application of energy-aware routing and sleep scheduling mechanisms was able to reduce sensor node energy consumption by 15–25% and extend battery life by more than 20%. Network communication performance showed a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 96–99%, and the system remained stable even when up to 20% of sensor nodes failed. In addition, the application of WSN-based demand-side management can reduce peak energy consumption by up to 12.4% and generate potential energy savings of 10–15% per month. This study proves that WSN is effective when applied to smart energy systems with a communication efficiency rate above 90% and contributes positively to energy efficiency and system reliability.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Smart Energy System, Internet of Things, Real-time Monitoring, Energy Efficiency, Smart Grid
Nurul Maudy Apriyani Nurul Maudy Apriyani
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Hidayah Titiani, Aura Illa Sari, Nurul Maudy Apriyani (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Kerentanan Serangan Sinkhole Pada Wireless Sensor Network Dan Strategi Mitigasinya
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in various critical applications such as environmental monitoring, healthcare systems, and industry due to their ability to collect and transmit data efficiently. However, resource limitations and the nature of wireless communication make WSNs vulnerable to various security attacks, one of which is the sinkhole attack. This attack allows malicious nodes to attract data traffic from other nodes by manipulating routing information, causing network performance degradation and data loss. This study aims to analyze the vulnerability of WSN to sinkhole attacks and evaluate the effectiveness of the mitigation strategies applied. The analysis was conducted by comparing network performance under three conditions: normal conditions, conditions where the network was experiencing a sinkhole attack, and conditions after the mitigation mechanism was implemented. The performance parameters used included Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End Delay, energy consumption, and route stability. The test results show that sinkhole attacks cause a significant decrease in PDR, an increase in data delivery delay, and an imbalance in energy consumption between nodes. After the mitigation strategy was implemented, network performance improved significantly and approached normal conditions. This shows that the proposed mitigation mechanism is capable of improving the security and reliability of Wireless Sensor Networks against sinkhole attacks.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Sinkhole Attack, Network Security, Routing, Attack Mitigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ach. Ramadhani, Alvin Hidayat Putra (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengoptimalan Daya Tahan Baterai: Strategi Duty Cycling Untuk Memperpanjang Umur Node Sensor Pada jaringan IoT
Kajian ini membahas masalah keterbatasan sumber daya pada node sensor yang merupakan komponen penting dalam jaringan Internet of Things (IoT). Permintaan energi yang tinggi, terutama untuk komunikasi tanpa kabel, secara langsung memperpendek umur perangkat yang menggunakan baterai. Penelitian ini fokus pada pengembangan mekanisme pengaturan siklus kerja yang adaptif, yaitu penyesuaian waktu aktif dan mode hemat daya secara dinamis dengan memperhitungkan sisa energi dan kebutuhan pertukaran data. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif melalui eksperimen, meliputi pembuatan skenario pengujian, penerapan algoritma yang adaptif, pengukuran konsumsi energi, serta perbandingan kinerja dengan metode statis dan tanpa pengelolaan sleep-wake.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan adaptif dapat secara signifikan mengurangi penggunaan energi, menjaga kestabilan penurunan daya, dan memperpanjang masa pakai baterai dibandingkan dengan metode umum. Selain itu, mekanisme ini lebih fleksibel dalam menghadapi perubahan keadaan jaringan dan volume data. Walaupun peningkatan durasi mode tidur dapat menyebabkan penundaan dalam komunikasi, dampaknya masih dapat diterima untuk aplikasi IoT yang tidak membutuhkan respons waktu yang sangat ketat.Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi konseptual dalam pengelolaan energi pada sistem IoT serta menawarkan solusi praktis yang efisien untuk digunakan di lapangan. Temuan ini juga membuka peluang untuk penelitian lebih lanjut pada jaringan berskala besar dan kemungkinan integrasi dengan sumber energi alternatif.
duty cycling, IoT, node sensor, efisiensi energi, baterai
Integrasi Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) dan Internet of Things (IoT) untuk Sistem Pemantauan Lingkungan Secara Real-Time
Pemantauan lingkungan secara real-time telah menjadi kebutuhan penting akibat meningkatnya masalah polusi dan perubahan kondisi lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia. Sistem pemantauan konvensional memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal cakupan area, frekuensi pengukuran, dan akses data, sehingga kurang efektif dalam menggambarkan kondisi lingkungan yang sebenarnya. Pengembangan teknologi Jaringan Sensor Nirkabel (WSN) dan Internet of Things (IoT) telah membuka peluang untuk membangun sistem pemantauan lingkungan yang lebih fleksibel, terdistribusi, dan mudah diakses. Penelitian bertujuan untuk merancang dan mengimplementasikan sistem pemantauan lingkungan berbasis integrasi WSN dan IoT yang mampu beroperasi secara real-time. Metode penelitian meliputi desain arsitektur sistem, integrasi node sensor dalam jaringan WSN, transmisi data melalui jaringan nirkabel, dan penggunaan platform IoT untuk penyimpanan dan visualisasi data lingkungan. Sistem diuji dengan mengumpulkan data parameter lingkungan secara berkala untuk mengevaluasi kinerja pengukuran, stabilitas transmisi data, dan output sistem pada platform pemantauan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang dikembangkan mampu mengumpulkan dan menampilkan data lingkungan secara real-time serta menyajikan informasi dalam bentuk grafik dan data historis yang mudah dipahami. Sistem ini dapat beroperasi relatif stabil meskipun terjadi keterlambatan dalam transmisi data di bawah kondisi jaringan tertentu. Integrasi WSN dan IoT telah terbukti meningkatkan efektivitas pemantauan lingkungan, terutama dalam hal aksesibilitas data dan kemudahan interpretasi informasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, sistem pemantauan lingkungan yang terintegrasi WSN dan IoT memiliki potensi untuk diterapkan dalam berbagai konteks, seperti kampus, kawasan perkotaan, dan kawasan industri. Pengembangan lebih lanjut di bidang efisiensi energi, keandalan jaringan, dan pemrosesan data diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kinerja sistem dalam mendukung pengelolaan lingkungan yang berkelanjutan
Wireless Sensor Network, Internet of Things, Pemantauan Lingkungan, Real-Time Monitoring
Analisis Simulasi Wireless Sensor Network Berbasis Game Interaktif Sebagai Media Pembelajaran
Perkembangan teknologi jaringan mendorong meningkatnya kebutuhan akan pemahaman konsep Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) yang menjadi komponen penting dalam berbagai sistem modern, termasuk Internet of Things (IoT). Namun, kompleksitas konsep WSN sering menjadi kendala dalam proses pembelajaran konvensional yang bersifat teoritis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengembangkan simulasi Wireless Sensor Network berbasis game interaktif sebagai media pembelajaran yang mampu meningkatkan pemahaman dan keterlibatan peserta didik. Pendekatan Game-Based Learning digunakan untuk menghadirkan proses pembelajaran yang lebih menarik dan aplikatif melalui visualisasi dan interaksi langsung dengan sistem simulasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), yang meliputi tahap analisis kebutuhan, perancangan sistem, implementasi, pengujian, dan pemeliharaan. Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat menunjukkan bahwa simulasi WSN berbasis game interaktif mampu membantu peserta didik memahami konsep dasar WSN, karakteristik jaringan, serta tantangan komunikasi dan keamanan secara lebih efektif, sekaligus mendukung proses pembelajaran teknologi jaringan yang relevan dengan perkembangan IoT.
wireless sensor network, game-based learning, simulasi jaringan, media pembelajaran, internet of things
Copyright (c) 2025 Nabila, Moh.Rafael Kamil Ardiansyah, Nabila Ambarwati, Raditya Dwi Akmal Purnomo (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Blockchain-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks for IoT Data Security and Integrity
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are an important component of the Internet of Things (IoT) that play a role in distributed environmental data collection. However, resource limitations and a generally centralized architecture make WSNs vulnerable to security attacks, particularly data manipulation and falsification, making it difficult to guarantee the integrity of IoT data. This study aims to design and evaluate the integration of blockchain technology in WSN to improve IoT data security and integrity without significantly compromising network efficiency. This research uses a quantitative experimental study approach by designing a Blockchain-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks architecture consisting of sensor nodes, gateway nodes, and a blockchain network. The evaluation was conducted through simulations of various scenarios, including data manipulation, latency testing, energy consumption, communication overhead, throughput, and system scalability. The test results show that the blockchain-based WSN system is capable of detecting all simulated data manipulation scenarios through an immutable data hash recording mechanism. Blockchain integration increases latency and communication overhead compared to conventional WSNs, but sensor node energy consumption remains efficient because the blockchain process is run on gateway nodes. System throughput is relatively stable at medium network scales. This study shows that blockchain integration in WSN effectively improves the security and integrity of IoT data with an acceptable performance trade-off. The results obtained are in line with the research objectives, although scalability challenges still need to be optimized. Further research is recommended to explore lighter consensus mechanisms and the use of edge computing to support implementation in large-scale IoT networks.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Blockchain, Internet of Things, Data Security, Data Integrity
Nur Beilqis Anastasya Nur Beilqis Anastasya
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Beilqis Anastasya, Alfiyatus Zahroh, Rizqiyah Amanda (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WSN Implementation for Wireless Sensor-Based Environmental Monitoring
This study discusses the implementation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) as a wireless sensor-based environmental monitoring solution capable of providing real-time, accurate, and sustainable environmental data. Conventional environmental monitoring still faces limitations in terms of coverage area, measurement continuity, and operational efficiency, making the use of WSN a relevant approach to address these needs. The WSN system is designed using several sensor nodes that measure temperature, humidity, air quality, and light intensity parameters, and communicate wirelessly with a gateway before the data is forwarded to a cloud server. The research approach used is quantitative experimental with testing in several distance and environmental condition scenarios to evaluate sensor performance, communication reliability, and energy consumption efficiency. The test results show that the sensors are capable of producing data with good and stable accuracy, with temperature measurement differences of less than 1°C and humidity differences of less than 3% compared to standard instruments. Communication performance shows a packet delivery ratio of 100% at close range and remains above 90% at distances of more than 150 meters despite physical obstacles, with latency still within operational limits. The implementation of duty cycling and sleep mode mechanisms successfully reduced node power consumption, enabling the system to operate for more than 30 days with solar panel support. These findings indicate that the developed WSN implementation has high reliability and efficiency and is suitable for long-term environmental monitoring, while also opening up opportunities for further development through the integration of intelligent analytics to support data-driven decision making.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Environmental Monitoring, Wireless Sensors, Energy Efficiency, Computer Networks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ach.Nur Maulidi, Achmed Abdillah (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Network Performance Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Clustering Methods
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network technology that is widely used in various monitoring applications due to its flexibility and ability to collect environmental data. However, resource limitations, particularly sensor node energy, are a major challenge that directly impacts network performance and lifespan. Various approaches have been developed to address this issue, one of which is the clustering method that aims to optimize data communication management. This study aims to analyze and optimize WSN network performance through the application of clustering methods with a focus on energy efficiency, network lifetime, and data transmission performance. This study uses a quantitative approach through WSN network simulation. The evaluation was carried out by applying the clustering method to several simulation scenarios, then analyzed based on the parameters of average node energy, network lifetime, number of packets received by the base station, and packet delivery success rate. The simulation results show that the clustering method is able to reduce the rate of node energy consumption more evenly, extend the network lifetime to hundreds of simulation rounds, and increase the number of data packets successfully received by the base station. The clustering scenario with an energy-based cluster head selection mechanism showed the best performance compared to other scenarios. This study proves that the clustering method is effective in improving WSN performance, particularly in terms of energy efficiency and network resilience. However, the decline in performance in the final phase of the simulation indicates the need to develop a clustering method that is more adaptive to energy dynamics and network topology. Further research is recommended to integrate adaptive approaches or artificial intelligence to improve network performance sustainability.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Clustering, Energy Efficiency, Network Lifetime, Network Optimization
Romeo Djefzy Romadhoni Romeo Djefzy Romadhoni
Copyright (c) 2025 Romeo Djefzy Romadhoni, Deki Wahyudi (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of QoS Parameters in Campus Wi-Fi Infrastructure During Peak User Hours
The availability of a reliable campus Wi-Fi network is a key requirement in supporting digital-based academic activities. However, an increase in the number of users during peak hours often causes a decline in network service quality. This study aims to analyze the quality of service (QoS) of the campus Wi-Fi network during peak user hours by referring to the parameters of throughput, delay, jitter, and packet loss. The research method was conducted through direct measurements at several strategic locations on campus, namely lecture buildings, libraries, computer laboratories, and public hotspot areas, during normal hours and peak hours. The measurement results were analyzed descriptively and evaluated based on TIPHON standards. The results showed a significant decrease in throughput during peak hours, especially in areas with high user density. Meanwhile, the delay, jitter, and packet loss parameters increased, but most were still within the TIPHON standard tolerance limits. These findings indicate that although the campus Wi-Fi network can still operate during peak hours, the quality of service provided is not yet optimal. This study is expected to serve as a reference for campus network managers in evaluating and optimizing Wi-Fi infrastructure to improve network service quality on an ongoing basis.
Keywords: Wireless Network, Quality of Service, Campus Wi-Fi, Peak Hours Traffic, Throughput
Dimas Prasetya Januardiansyah Dimas Prasetya Januardiansyah
Moh.Risqi isya al-hidayat Moh.Risqi isya al-hidayat
Copyright (c) 2025 Dimas Prasetya Januardiansyah, M. Husnol Hidayat, Moh.Risqi isya al-hidayat (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Common Interference in Home WI-FI Networks in RT 6 RW 2, Lawangan Daya Sub-District, and Efforts to Address It
WI-FI network problems at home remain a common challenge often experienced by a number of users, especially in densely populated residential areas. This study aims to explain the various types of problems that often arise in domestic WI-FI networks in areas such as RT 6/RW 2, Lawangan Daya Village, as well as to identify corrective measures that can be taken by users. The analysis process was carried out by examining literature sources that discuss router performance, surrounding conditions, and usage methods that can affect network stability. The findings of the study reveal that WI-FI problems are usually triggered by several reasons, including interference from nearby houses, the router's suboptimal position, device weaknesses, and the simultaneous use of many devices. In addition, imperfect router settings also contribute to a decline in connection quality. Referring to these findings, several recommended steps to overcome this problem include rearranging the router position, selecting channels with minimal interference, updating the device system, and using additional tools such as repeaters or WI-FI mesh networks. Overall, this study offers practical insights into the elements that influence home Wi-Fi network quality and provides solutions that can be implemented without requiring significant modifications to the network structure.
Keywords: WI-FI Network Interference, Home WI-FI Network, Signal Interference, Quality of Service (QoS), WI-FI Network Management Efforts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wulidati Trixiana, Septiana Wulandari (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Wired and Wireless Network Performance in an Office Environment
Computer networks are the main infrastructure in modern office environments that support various digital services. In general, wired networks are known for their stability and high performance, while wireless networks offer flexibility and mobility. However, the differences in the technical characteristics of these two types of networks cause variations in performance that need to be studied empirically in real office conditions. This study aims to analyze and compare the performance of wired and wireless networks in an office environment based on Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. This study uses a quantitative method with an experimental approach. Testing was conducted on two network scenarios, namely wired and wireless networks, with measurement parameters including throughput, delay, jitter, and packet loss. Data collection was carried out through several tests with the same data traffic scenario, then analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that wired networks had superior performance compared to wireless networks in all QoS parameters. Wired networks produced an average throughput of 370 Mbps, a delay of 5.8 ms, jitter of 4.9 ms, and packet loss of 0.8%. Meanwhile, wireless networks produced an average throughput of 210 Mbps, a delay of 13.5 ms, jitter of 9.4 ms, and packet loss of 2.1%. These differences are influenced by the transmission medium, network access mechanism, and environmental conditions. This study concludes that wired networks are more reliable for supporting office applications that require stability and high performance, while wireless networks remain relevant for supporting user mobility. Further research is recommended to examine the impact of the latest Wi-Fi standards and more complex network load scenarios.
Keywords: computer network, wired network, wireless network, Quality of Service, office environment
Copyright (c) 2025 Deni Mahmudi, Samsuri (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Real-Time Patient Heart Rate Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
Heart rate monitoring is an important aspect of healthcare because it serves as a key indicator of a patient's cardiovascular condition. Advances in computer network technology and the Internet of Things have encouraged the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) as a solution for real-time, continuous, and flexible health monitoring, especially to overcome the limitations of conventional monitoring systems that do not support mobility and remote monitoring. This study aims to design, implement, and evaluate a real-time patient heart rate monitoring system based on WSN with a focus on network performance, energy efficiency, and data accuracy. This research uses a quantitative experimental method with a systems engineering approach. The system is built using heart rate sensor nodes, a WSN network, and a monitoring application. Testing was conducted to measure transmission delay, packet loss, sensor node energy consumption, and data accuracy by comparing the WSN system results with a reference device. The test results show that the system is capable of transmitting heart rate data in real time with an average delay of less than 150 ms and a packet loss rate of less than 2%. Sensor node energy consumption is relatively stable, supporting long-term operation. Comparison of data with reference tools shows a small difference in heart rate values, indicating a good level of system accuracy. The WSN-based heart rate monitoring system developed has proven to be reliable, efficient, and accurate for real-time patient monitoring. The results of this study indicate that the research objectives have been achieved and the system is feasible for implementation as a remote health monitoring solution. Further research is recommended to develop aspects of data security, network scalability, and integration with data analytics and cloud-based health systems.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Heart Rate Monitoring, Computer Network, Real-Time System, Digital Health
Kevin Oktavia Pratama Kevin Oktavia Pratama
Copyright (c) 2025 Maskana Ramadhani, Kevin Oktavia Pratama, Khairurrozi (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of ESP32-Based Wireless Sensor Network with 5G Connectivity for Real-Time Environmental Monitoring
The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has driven the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for environmental monitoring. However, conventional WSNs still face limitations in terms of latency, reliability, and network scalability, especially for real-time applications. 5G technology offers low latency, high throughput, and massive connectivity, which has the potential to improve the performance of WSN-based environmental monitoring systems. This study aims to design and evaluate the integration of ESP32-based WSN with 5G connectivity in supporting real-time environmental monitoring systems, particularly in terms of network performance, energy efficiency, and monitoring system performance. This study uses an experimental method with a quantitative study approach. The system is designed in the form of a prototype consisting of an ESP32 sensor node, a 5G gateway, and a web-based monitoring server. Testing was conducted by measuring end-to-end latency, throughput, packet loss, sensor node energy consumption, and monitoring system response parameters. The test results showed that the system was able to transmit sensor data stably with low latency and consistent throughput through the 5G network. The packet loss rate obtained was relatively low, while the sensor node energy consumption remained efficient thanks to the application of a deep sleep mechanism. The web-based monitoring system successfully displays environmental data in real time and provides early warning notifications. The integration of ESP32-based WSN with 5G connectivity has proven effective in improving the performance and reliability of real-time environmental monitoring systems. This system fulfills the research objectives and warrants further development, especially in subsequent studies that examine network scalability, energy consumption optimization, and the integration of artificial intelligence-based smart analytics.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, ESP32, 5G Network, Environmental Monitoring, Internet of Things.
M.Febri Dwidanasaputra M.Febri Dwidanasaputra
Kevin Ananda Puryanto Pratama Kevin Ananda Puryanto Pratama
Copyright (c) 2025 Kukuh Dwi Nur Cahyo, M.Febri Dwidanasaputra, Kevin Ananda Puryanto Pratama (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Energy Consumption Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Adaptive Routing Algorithms
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in various monitoring applications, but the limited energy resources of sensor nodes pose a major challenge that affects network performance and lifetime. Conventional routing protocols tend to be static and less adaptable to dynamic network conditions, resulting in uneven energy consumption and shortening network lifetime. This study aims to optimize energy consumption and extend network lifetime in WSNs through the application of adaptive routing algorithms. This study uses a simulation-based quantitative study approach, by designing an adaptive routing algorithm that considers node energy remaining, transmission distance, and communication load. Performance evaluation was conducted through network simulation with a multi-hop communication scheme and compared with the LEACH and PEGASIS routing algorithms using the same simulation parameters. Simulation results show that the adaptive routing algorithm has lower total network energy consumption, which is around ±120 Joules, compared to LEACH (±200 Joules) and PEGASIS (±280 Joules). In addition, the network lifetime increased to approximately ±1800 seconds, which is longer than the comparison algorithms. The results of this study prove that the adaptive routing algorithm is capable of optimizing energy consumption and significantly improving the resilience of WSN networks. Further research is recommended to test the algorithm in more complex and heterogeneous network scenarios and to integrate network security aspects.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, adaptive routing, energy optimization, network lifetime, multi-hop communication
Copyright (c) 2025 Abd Rosyid, Akmal Maulana (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0